[ { "title": "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791", "year": 1998, "cited_by_count": 58239, "authors": [ "Yann LeCun", "Léon Bottou", "Yoshua Bengio", "Patrick Haffner" ], "source": "Proceedings of the IEEE", "abstract": "Multilayer neural networks trained with the back-propagation algorithm constitute the best example of a successful gradient based learning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture, gradient-based learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex decision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns, such as handwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews various methods applied to handwritten character recognition and compares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task. Convolutional neural networks, which are specifically designed to deal with the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other techniques. Real-life document recognition systems are composed of multiple modules including field extraction, segmentation recognition, and language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called graph transformer networks (GTN), allows such multimodule systems to be trained globally using gradient-based methods so as to minimize an overall performance measure. Two systems for online handwriting recognition are described. Experiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the flexibility of graph transformer networks. A graph transformer network for reading a bank cheque is also described. It uses convolutional neural network character recognizers combined with global training techniques to provide record accuracy on business and personal cheques. It is deployed commercially and reads several million cheques per day.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 32248, "authors": [ "Sue Richards", "Nazneen Aziz", "Sherri J. Bale", "David Bick", "Soma Das", "Julie M. Gastier‐Foster", "Wayne W. Grody", "Madhuri Hegde", "Elaine Lyon", "Elaine Spector", "Karl V. Voelkerding", "Heidi L. Rehm" ], "source": "Genetics in Medicine", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502", "year": 2009, "cited_by_count": 28838, "authors": [ "Paolo Giannozzi", "Stefano Baroni", "Nicola Bonini", "Matteo Calandra", "Roberto Car", "Carlo Cavazzoni", "Davide Ceresoli", "G. Chiarotti", "Matteo Cococcioni", "Ismaïla Dabo", "Andrea Dal Corso", "Stefano de Gironcoli", "Stefano Fabris", "Guido Fratesi", "Ralph Gebauer", "U. Gerstmann", "Christos Gougoussis", "Anton Kokalj", "Michele Lazzeri", "Layla Martin‐Samos", "Nicola Marzari", "Francesco Mauri", "Riccardo Mazzarello", "Stefano Paolini", "Alfredo Pasquarello", "Lorenzo Paulatto", "Carlo Sbraccia", "Sandro Scandolo", "Gabriele Sclauzero", "Ari P. Seitsonen", "Alexander Smogunov", "Paolo Umari", "Renata M. Wentzcovitch" ], "source": "Journal of Physics Condensed Matter", "abstract": "QUANTUM ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). The acronym ESPRESSO stands for opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization. It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. QUANTUM ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. QUANTUM ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and interoperable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100", "year": 2009, "cited_by_count": 27883, "authors": [ "Alessandro Liberati", "Douglas G. Altman", "Jennifer Tetzlaff", "Cynthia D. Mulrow", "Peter C Gøtzsche", "John P. A. Ioannidis", "Mike Clarke", "P.J. Devereaux", "Jos Kleijnen", "David Moher" ], "source": "PLoS Medicine", "abstract": "Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users.Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement--a reporting guideline published in 1999--there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions.The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "GROMACS: High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2015.06.001", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 26829, "authors": [ "M Abraham", "Teemu J. Murtola", "Roland Schulz", "Szilárd Páll", "Jeremy C. Smith", "Berk Hess", "Erik Lindahl" ], "source": "SoftwareX", "abstract": "GROMACS is one of the most widely used open-source and free software codes in chemistry, used primarily for dynamical simulations of biomolecules. It provides a rich set of calculation types, preparation and analysis tools. Several advanced techniques for free-energy calculations are supported. In version 5, it reaches new performance heights, through several new and enhanced parallelization algorithms. These work on every level; SIMD registers inside cores, multithreading, heterogeneous CPU–GPU acceleration, state-of-the-art 3D domain decomposition, and ensemble-level parallelization through built-in replica exchange and the separate Copernicus framework. The latest best-in-class compressed trajectory storage format is supported.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 24705, "authors": [ "Mourad Ouzzani", "Hossam M. Hammady", "Zbys Fedorowicz", "Ahmed K. Elmagarmid" ], "source": "Systematic Reviews", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Synthesis of multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in a systematic review can summarize the effects of individual outcomes and provide numerical answers about the effectiveness of interventions. Filtering of searches is time consuming, and no single method fulfills the principal requirements of speed with accuracy. Automation of systematic reviews is driven by a necessity to expedite the availability of current best evidence for policy and clinical decision-making. We developed Rayyan ( http://rayyan.qcri.org ), a free web and mobile app, that helps expedite the initial screening of abstracts and titles using a process of semi-automation while incorporating a high level of usability. For the beta testing phase, we used two published Cochrane reviews in which included studies had been selected manually. Their searches, with 1030 records and 273 records, were uploaded to Rayyan. Different features of Rayyan were tested using these two reviews. We also conducted a survey of Rayyan's users and collected feedback through a built-in feature. RESULTS: Pilot testing of Rayyan focused on usability, accuracy against manual methods, and the added value of the prediction feature. The \"taster\" review (273 records) allowed a quick overview of Rayyan for early comments on usability. The second review (1030 records) required several iterations to identify the previously identified 11 trials. The \"suggestions\" and \"hints,\" based on the \"prediction model,\" appeared as testing progressed beyond five included studies. Post rollout user experiences and a reflexive response by the developers enabled real-time modifications and improvements. The survey respondents reported 40% average time savings when using Rayyan compared to others tools, with 34% of the respondents reporting more than 50% time savings. In addition, around 75% of the respondents mentioned that screening and labeling studies as well as collaborating on reviews to be the two most important features of Rayyan. As of November 2016, Rayyan users exceed 2000 from over 60 countries conducting hundreds of reviews totaling more than 1.6M citations. Feedback from users, obtained mostly through the app web site and a recent survey, has highlighted the ease in exploration of searches, the time saved, and simplicity in sharing and comparing include-exclude decisions. The strongest features of the app, identified and reported in user feedback, were its ability to help in screening and collaboration as well as the time savings it affords to users. CONCLUSIONS: Rayyan is responsive and intuitive in use with significant potential to lighten the load of reviewers.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services cost efficiency" }, { "title": "The Nature of the Firm", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x", "year": 1937, "cited_by_count": 23425, "authors": [ "Ronald H. Coase" ], "source": "Economica", "abstract": "Economic theory has suffered in the past from a failure to state clearly its assumptions. Economists in building up a theory have often omitted to examine the foundations on which it was erected. This examination is, however, essential not only to prevent the misunderstanding and needless controversy which arise from a lack of knowledge of the assumptions on which a theory is based, but also because of the extreme importance for economics of good judgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions. For instance, it is suggested that the use of the word “firm” in economics may be different from the use of the term by the “plain man.”11 Joan Robinson, Economics is a Serious Subject, p. 12. Since there is apparently a trend in economic theory towards starting analysis with the individual firm and not with the industry,22 See N. Kaldor, “The Equilibrium of the Firm,”Economic Journal, March, 1934. it is all the more necessary not only that a clear definition of the word “firm” should be given but that its difference from a firm in the “real world,” if it exists, should be made clear. Mrs. Robinson has said that “the two questions to be asked of a set of assumptions in economics are : Are they tractable? and : Do they correspond with the real world?”33 Op. cit., p. 6. Though, as Mrs. Robinson points out, “more often one set will be manageable and the other realistic,” yet there may well be branches of theory where assumptions may be both manageable and realistic. It is hoped to show in the following paper that a definition of a firm may be obtained which is not only realistic in that it corresponds to what is meant by a firm in the real world, but is tractable by two of the most powerful instruments of economic analysis developed by Marshall, the idea of the margin and that of substitution, together giving the idea of substitution at the margin.11 J. M. Keynes, Essays in Biography, pp. 223–4. Our definition must, of course, “relate to formal relations which are capable of being conceived exactly.”22 L. Robbins, Nature and Significance of Economic Science, p. 63. It is convenient if, in searching for a definition of a firm, we first consider the economic system as it is normally treated by the economist. Let us consider the description of the economic system given by Sir Arthur Salter.33 This description is quoted with approval by D. H. Robertson, Control of Industry, p. 85, and by Professor Arnold Plant, “Trends in Business Administration,” Economica, February, 1932. It appears in Allied Shipping Control, pp. 16–17. “The normal economic system works itself. For its current operation it is under no central control, it needs no central survey. Over the whole range of human activity and human need, supply is adjusted to demand, and production to consumption, by a process that is automatic, elastic and responsive.” An economist thinks of the economic system as being co-ordinated by the price mechanism and society becomes not an organisation but an organism.44 See F. A. Hayek, “The Trend of Economic Thinking,” Economica, May, 1933. The economic system “works itself.” This does not mean that there is no planning by individuals. These exercise foresight and choose between alternatives. This is necessarily so if there is to be order in the system. But this theory assumes that the direction of resources is dependent directly on the price mechanism. Indeed, it is often considered to be an objection to economic planning that it merely tries to do what is already done by the price mechanism.55 See F. A. Hayek, op. cit. Sir Arthur Salter's description, however, gives a very incomplete picture of our economic system. Within a firm, the description does not fit at all. For instance, in economic theory we find that the allocation of factors of production between different uses is determined by the price mechanism. The price of factor A becomes higher in X than in Y. As a result, A moves from Y to X until the difference between the prices in X and Y, except in so far as it compensates for other differential advantages, disappears. Yet in the real world, we find that there are many areas where this does not apply. If a workman moves from department Y to department X, he does not go because of a change in relative prices, but because he is ordered to do so. Those who object to economic planning on the grounds that the problem is solved by price movements can be answered by pointing out that there is planning within our economic system which is quite different from the individual planning mentioned above and which is akin to what is normally called economic planning. The example given above is typical of a large sphere in our modern economic system. Of course, this fact has not been ignored by economists. Marshall introduces organisation as a fourth factor of production; J. B. Clark gives the co-ordinating function to the entrepreneur; Professor Knight introduces managers who co-ordinate. As D. H. Robertson points out, we find “islands of conscious power in this ocean of unconscious co-operation like lumps of butter coagulating in a pail of buttermilk.”11 Op. cit., p. 85. But in view of the fact that it is usually argued that co-ordination will be done by the price mechanism, why is such organisation necessary? Why are there these “islands of conscious power”? Outside the firm, price movements direct production, which is co-ordinated through a series of exchange transactions on the market. Within a firm, these market transactions are eliminated and in place of the complicated market structure with exchange transactions is substituted the entrepreneur-co-ordinator, who directs production.22 In the rest of this paper I shall use the term entrepreneur to refer to the person or persons who, in a competitive system, take the place of the price mechanism in the direction of resources. It is clear that these are alternative methods of co-ordinating production. Yet, having regard to the fact that if production is regulated by price movements, production could be carried on without any organisation at all, well might we ask, why is there any organisation? Of course, the degree to which the price mechanism is superseded varies greatly. In a department store, the allocation of the different sections to the various locations in the building may be done by the controlling authority or it may be the result of competitive price bidding for space. In the Lancashire cotton industry, a weaver can rent power and shop-room and can obtain looms and yarn on credit.33 Survey of Textile Industries, p. 26. This co-ordination of the various factors of production is, however, normally carried out without the intervention of the price mechanism. As is evident, the amount of “vertical” integration, involving as it does the supersession of the price mechanism, varies greatly from industry to industry and from firm to firm. It can, I think, be assumed that the distinguishing mark of the firm is the supersession of the price mechanism. It is, of course, as Professor Robbins points out, “related to an outside network of relative prices and costs,”11 Op. cit., p. 71. but it is important to discover the exact nature of this relationship. This distinction between the allocation of resources in a firm and the allocation in the economic system has been very vividly described by Mr. Maurice Dobb when discussing Adam Smith's conception of the capitalist: “It began to be seen that there was something more important than the relations inside each factory or unit captained by an undertaker; there were the relations of the undertaker with the rest of the economic world outside his immediate sphere…. the undertaker busies himself with the division of labour inside each firm and he plans and organises consciously,” but “he is related to the much larger economic specialisation, of which he himself is merely one specialised unit. Here, he plays his part as a single cell in a larger organism, mainly unconscious of the wider rôle he fills.”22 Capitalist Enterprise and Social Progress, p. 20. Cf., also, Henderson, Supply and Demand, pp. 3–5. In view of the fact that while economists treat the price mechanism as a co-ordinating instrument, they also admit the co-ordinating function of the “entrepreneur,” it is surely important to enquire why co-ordination is the work of the price mechanism in one case and of the entrepreneur in another. The purpose of this paper is to bridge what appears to be a gap in economic theory between the assumption (made for some purposes) that resources are allocated by means of the price mechanism and the assumption (made for other purposes) that this allocation is dependent on the entrepreneur-co-ordinator. We have to explain the basis on which, in practice, this choice between alternatives is effected.33 It is easy to see when the State takes over the direction of an industry that, in planning it, it is doing something which was previously done by the price mechanism. What is usually not realised is that any business man in organising the relations between his departments is also doing something which could be organised through the price mechanism. There is therefore point in Mr. Durbin's answer to those who emphasise the problems involved in economic planning that the same problems have to be solved by business men in the competitive system. (See “Economic Calculus in a Planned Economy,”Economic Journal, December, 1936.) The important difference between these two cases is that economic planning is imposed on industry while firms arise voluntarily because they represent a more efficient method of organising production. In a competitive system, there is an “optimum” amount of planning! Our task is to attempt to discover why a firm emerges at all in a specialised exchange economy. The price mechanism (considered purely from the side of the direction of resources) might be superseded if the relationship which replaced it was desired for its own sake. This would be the case, for example, if some people preferred to work under the direction of some other person. Such individuals would accept less in order to work under someone, and firms would arise naturally from this. But it would appear that this cannot be a very important reason, for it would rather seem that the opposite tendency is operating if one judges from the stress normally laid on the advantage of “being one's own master.”11 Cf. Harry Dawes, “Labour Mobility in the Steel Industry,”Economic Journal, March, 1934, who instances “the trek to retail shopkeeping and insurance work by the better paid of skilled men due to the desire (often the main aim in life of a worker) to be independent” (p. 86). Of course, if the desire was not to be controlled but to control, to exercise power over others, then people might be willing to give up something in order to direct others; that is, they would be willing to pay others more than they could get under the price mechanism in order to be able to direct them. But this implies that those who direct pay in order to be able to do this and are not paid to direct, which is clearly not true in the majority of cases.22 None the less, this is not altogether fanciful. Some small shopkeepers are said to earn less than their assistants. Firms might also exist if purchasers preferred commodities which are produced by firms to those not so produced; but even in spheres where one would expect such preferences (if they exist) to be of negligible importance, firms are to be found in the real world.33 G. F. Shove, “The Imperfection of the Market: a Further Note,”Economic Journal, March, 1933, p. 116, note 1, points out that such preferences may exist, although the example he gives is almost the reverse of the instance given in the text. Therefore there must be other elements involved. The main reason why it is profitable to establish a firm would seem to be that there is a cost of using the price mechanism. The most obvious cost of “organising” production through the price mechanism is that of discovering what the relevant prices are.44 According to N. Kaldor, “A Classificatory Note of the Determinateness of Equilibrium,”Review of Economic Studies, February, 1934, it is one of the assumptions of static theory that “All the relevant prices are known to all individuals.” But this is clearly not true of the real world. This cost may be reduced but it will not be eliminated by the emergence of specialists who will sell this information. The costs of negotiating and concluding a separate contract for each exchange transaction which takes place on a market must also be taken into account.11 This influence was noted by Professor Usher when discussing the development of capitalism. He says: “The successive buying and selling of partly finished products were sheer waste of energy.” (Introduction to the Industrial History of England, p. 13). But he does not develop the idea nor consider why it is that buying and selling operations still exist. Again, in certain markets, e.g., produce exchanges, a technique is devised for minimising these contract costs; but they are not eliminated. It is true that contracts are not eliminated when there is a firm but they are greatly reduced. A factor of production (or the owner thereof) does not have to make a series of contracts with the factors with whom he is co-operating within the firm, as would be necessary, of course, if this co-operation were as a direct result of the working of the price mechanism. For this series of contracts is substituted one. At this stage, it is important to note the character of the contract into which a factor enters that is employed within a firm. The contract is one whereby the factor, for a certain remuneration (which may be fixed or fluctuating), agrees to obey the directions of an entrepreneur within certain limits.22 It would be possible for no limits to the powers of the entrepreneur to be fixed. This would be voluntary slavery. According to Professor Batt, The Law of Master and Servant, p. 18, such a contract would be void and unenforceable. The essence of the contract is that it should only state the limits to the powers of the entrepreneur. Within these limits, he can therefore direct the other factors of production. There are, however, other disadvantages—or costs—of using the price mechanism. It may be desired to make a long-term contract for the supply of some article or service. This may be due to the fact that if one contract is made for a longer period, instead of several shorter ones, then certain costs of making each contract will be avoided. Or, owing to the risk attitude of the people concerned, they may prefer to make a long rather than a short-term contract. Now, owing to the difficulty of forecasting, the longer the period of the contract is for the supply of the commodity or service, the less possible, and indeed, the less desirable it is for the person purchasing to specify what the other contracting party is expected to do. It may well be a matter of indifference to the person supplying the service or commodity which of several courses of action is taken, but not to the purchaser of that service or commodity. But the purchaser will not know which of these several courses he will want the supplier to take. Therefore, the service which is being provided is expressed in general terms, the exact details being left until a later date. All that is stated in the contract is the limits to what the persons supplying the commodity or service is expected to do. The details of what the supplier is expected to do is not stated in the contract but is decided later by the purchaser. When the direction of resources (within the limits of the contract) becomes dependent on the buyer in this way, that relationship which I term a “firm” may be obtained.11 Of course, it is not possible to draw a hard and fast line which determines whether there is a firm or not. There may be more or less direction. It is similar to the legal question of whether there is the relationship of master and servant or principal and agent. See the discussion of this problem below. A firm is likely therefore to emerge in those cases where a very short term contract would be unsatisfactory. It is obviously of more importance in the case of services—labour—than it is in the case of the buying of commodities. In the case of commodities, the main items can be stated in advance and the details which will be decided later will be of minor significance. We may sum up this section of the argument by saying that the operation of a market costs something and by an organisation and some authority to direct the certain costs are The entrepreneur has to out his function at less into the fact that he may get factors of production at a price than the market transactions which he because it is possible to to the market if he to do this. The question of is one which is often considered to be very relevant to the of the of the firm. It that a firm would emerge without the of But for instance, Professor who make the of the distinguishing mark of the being to some of those in production by a person who takes the and appear to be a point which is to the problem we are entrepreneur may sell his to for a certain sum of while the to his may be mainly or a in The of Professor Knight are in more The question would appear to be why the allocation of resources is not done directly by the price mechanism. factor that should be noted is that exchange transactions on a market and the same transactions organised within a firm are often treated by or other with If we consider the operation of a it is clear that it is a on market transactions and not on the same transactions organised within the firm. these are alternative methods of the price mechanism or by the a would into firms which would have no It would a reason for the emergence of a firm in a specialised exchange economy. Of course, to the that firms already exist, such a as a would merely to make larger than they would and methods of price which that there is and which do not to firms such products for by to those who within the firm and not through the necessarily the of But it is to that it is such as have been mentioned in this which have firms into Such however, to have this result if they not exist for other are the why such as firms exist in a specialised exchange in which it is assumed that the of resources is by the price mechanism. A firm, of the system of which into when the direction of resources is dependent on an entrepreneur. The which has been would appear to an advantage in that it is possible to give a to what is meant by saying that a firm larger or A firm becomes larger as transactions (which could be exchange transactions co-ordinated through the price are organised by the entrepreneur and becomes as he the organisation of such The question which is whether it is possible to the which the of the firm. Why does the entrepreneur not one less transaction or one It is to note that Professor Knight “the between and is one of the most problems of in with the for a a matter of and rather than of general But the question is because the of a powerful to and of the firm, which must be by some powerful one making for the production of with in if even is to and to the of Economics of 1933. Professor Knight would appear to consider that it is to treat the of the of the firm. the basis of the of the firm developed this task will be It was suggested that the of the firm was due to the of A question to would appear to be from the by Professor if by organising one can certain costs and in fact the cost of production, are there any market transactions at There are certain costs which could only be eliminated by the of and these are the costs of It is that these costs might be so that people would be willing to accept because the obtained was the of their Why is not all production carried on by one There would appear to be certain possible as a firm there may be to the entrepreneur that is, the costs of organising transactions within the firm may This argument assumes that exchange transactions on a market can be considered as which is clearly in This is taken into below. a point must be where the costs of organising an transaction within the firm are to the costs involved in out the transaction in the to the costs of organising by entrepreneur. it may be that as the transactions which are organised the entrepreneur to place the factors of production in the uses where their is that is, to make the use of the factors of production. Again, a point must be where the through the waste of resources is to the costs of the exchange transaction in the market or to the if the transaction was organised by entrepreneur. the supply price of one or more of the factors of production may because the of a small firm are than those of a large For a discussion of the of the supply price of factors of production to firms of see A. G. Robinson, The of It is said that the supply price of organising as the of the firm because men prefer to be the of small rather than the of departments in a large See The p. and Industrial p. 63. This is a argument of those who It is said that larger would be more but owing to the of the they prefer to apparently in of the higher which their under Of course, the point where the of the firm might be determined by a of the factors mentioned The first two given most correspond to the of to This discussion is, of course, and For a more discussion of this see N. Kaldor, “The Equilibrium of the Firm,”Economic Journal, March, 1934, and A. G. Robinson, “The of and the of the Firm,”Economic Journal, 1934. The point has been made in the that a firm will to until the costs of organising an transaction within the firm to the costs of out the same transaction by means of an exchange on the market or the costs of organising in firm. But if the firm its at a point the costs of in the market and at a point to the costs of organising in firm, in most cases the case of this will that there is a market transaction between these two each of whom could it at less than the is the to be If we consider an example the reason for this will clear. A is buying a from and that both A and could this transaction at less than its we can is not organising one process or of production, but If A therefore to a market he will have to take over all the of production controlled by B. A takes over all the of production, a market transaction will still although it is a different that is But we have previously assumed that as each he becomes less the costs of organising transactions It is that cost of organising the transactions previously organised by will be than cost of doing the same A therefore will take over the whole of organisation only if his cost of organising work is not than cost by an amount to the costs of out an exchange transaction on the market. But it becomes to have a market it also to production in such a that the cost of organising an transaction in each firm is the to it has been assumed that the exchange transactions which take place through the price mechanism are In could be more than the transactions which take place in our modern world. This would seem to that the costs of out exchange transactions through the price mechanism will as will also the costs of organising these transactions within the firm. It therefore possible that quite from the question of the costs of organising certain transactions within the firm may be than the costs of out the exchange transactions in the market. This would necessarily that there were exchange transactions carried out through the price mechanism, but would it mean that there would have to be more than one for all those areas in the economic system where the direction of resources was not dependent directly on the price mechanism could be organised within one firm. The factors which were would seem to be the important ones, it is to whether to or the supply price of factors is likely to be the more being a firm will to be the less the costs of organising and the these costs with an in the transactions the less likely the entrepreneur is to make and the the in with an in the transactions the the (or the less the in the supply price of factors of production to firms of larger from in the supply price of factors of production to firms of different it would appear that the costs of organising and the through will with an in the of the transactions in the", "language": "en", "query": "shared services cost efficiency" }, { "title": "Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531", "year": 1979, "cited_by_count": 22979, "authors": [ "David A. Dickey", "Wayne A. Fuller" ], "source": "Journal of the American Statistical Association", "abstract": "Abstract Let n observations Y 1, Y 2, ···, Y n be generated by the model Y t = pY t−1 + e t , where Y 0 is a fixed constant and {e t } t-1 n is a sequence of independent normal random variables with mean 0 and variance σ2. Properties of the regression estimator of p are obtained under the assumption that p = ±1. Representations for the limit distributions of the estimator of p and of the regression t test are derived. The estimator of p and the regression t test furnish methods of testing the hypothesis that p = 1.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "The qualitative content analysis process", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x", "year": 2008, "cited_by_count": 22276, "authors": [ "Satu Elo", "Helvi Kyngäs" ], "source": "Journal of Advanced Nursing", "abstract": "AIM: This paper is a description of inductive and deductive content analysis. BACKGROUND: Content analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. DISCUSSION: When using content analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. CONCLUSION: Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9", "year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 19240, "authors": [ "Theo Vos", "Stephen S Lim", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Kaja Abbas", "Mohammad Abbasi", "Mitra Abbasifard", "Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari", "Hedayat Abbastabar", "Foad Abd-Allah", "Ahmed Abdelalim", "Mohammad Abdollahı", "Ibrahim Abdollahpour", "Hassan Abolhassani", "Victor Aboyans", "Elissa M. Abrams", "Lucas Guimarães Abreu", "Michael R.M. Abrigo", "Laith J. Abu‐Raddad", "Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk", "Alyssa Acebedo", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Maryam Adabi", "Abdu A. Adamu", "Oladimeji Adebayo", "Victor Adekanmbi", "Jaimie D. Adelson", "Olatunji Adetokunboh", "Davoud Adham", "Mahdi Afshari", "Ashkan Afshin", "Emilie Agardh", "Gina Agarwal", "Kareha M Agesa", "Mohammad Aghaali", "Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir", "Anurag Agrawal", "Tauseef Ahmad", "Alireza Ahmadi", "Mehdi Ahmadi", "Hamid Ahmadieh", "Ehsan Ahmadpour", "Temesgen Yihunie Akalu", "Rufus Akinyemi", "Tomi Akinyemiju", "Blessing Akombi-Inyang", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Khurshid Alam", "Noore Alam", "Samiah Alam", "Shazia Alam", "Turki M Alanzi", "Samuel B Albertson", "Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal", "Niguse Meles Alema", "Muhammad Ali", "Saqib Ali", "Gianfranco Alicandro", "Mehran Alijanzadeh", "Cyrus Alinia", "Vahid Alipour", "Syed Mohamed Aljunid", "François Alla", "Peter Alle­beck", "Amir Almasi‐Hashiani", "Jordi Alonso", "Rajaa Al‐Raddadi", "Khalid A Altirkawi", "Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán", "Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk", "Saeed Amini", "Mostafa Amini‐Rarani", "Arya Aminorroaya", "Fatemeh Amiri", "Arianna Maever L. Amit", "Dickson A Amugsi", "Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul", "Deanna Anderlini", "Cătălina Liliana Andrei", "Tudorel Andrei", "Mina Anjomshoa", "Fereshteh Ansari", "Iman Ansari", "Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam", "Carl Abelardo T Antonio", "Catherine M Antony", "Ernoiz Antriyandarti", "Davood Anvari", "Razique Anwer", "Jalal Arabloo", "Morteza Arab‐Zozani", "Aleksandr Y. Aravkin", "Filippo Ariani", "Johan Ärnlöv", "Krishna K Aryal", "Afsaneh Arzani", "Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi", "Ali A. Asadi‐Pooya", "Babak Asghari", "Charlie Ashbaugh", "Desta Debalkie Atnafu" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. METHODS: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. INTERPRETATION: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 17793, "authors": [ "Mark D. Wilkinson", "Michel Dumontier", "IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg", "Gabrielle Appleton", "Myles Axton", "Arie Baak", "Niklas Blomberg", "Jan‐Willem Boiten", "Luiz Olavo Bonino da Silva Santos", "Philip E. Bourne", "Jildau Bouwman", "Anthony J. Brookes", "Tim W. Clark", "Mercè Crosas", "Ingrid Dillo", "Olivier Dumon", "Scott Edmunds", "Chris T. Evelo", "Richard Finkers", "Alejandra González-Beltrán", "Alasdair J. G. Gray", "Paul Groth", "Carole Goble", "Jeffrey S. Grethe", "Jaap Heringa", "Peter A.C. ’t Hoen", "Rob Hooft", "Tobias Kuhn", "Ruben Kok", "Joost N. Kok", "Scott J. Lusher", "Maryann E. Martone", "Albert Mons", "Abel L. Packer", "Bengt Persson", "Philippe Rocca‐Serra", "Marco Roos", "René van Schaik", "Susanna‐Assunta Sansone", "Erik Schultes", "Thierry Sengstag", "Ted Slater", "George Strawn", "Morris A. Swertz", "Mark Thompson", "Johan van der Lei", "Erik M. van Mulligen", "Jan Velterop", "Andra Waagmeester", "Peter Wittenburg", "Katherine Wolstencroft", "Jun Zhao", "Barend Mons" ], "source": "Scientific Data", "abstract": "There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the reuse of scholarly data. A diverse set of stakeholders-representing academia, industry, funding agencies, and scholarly publishers-have come together to design and jointly endorse a concise and measureable set of principles that we refer to as the FAIR Data Principles. The intent is that these may act as a guideline for those wishing to enhance the reusability of their data holdings. Distinct from peer initiatives that focus on the human scholar, the FAIR Principles put specific emphasis on enhancing the ability of machines to automatically find and use the data, in addition to supporting its reuse by individuals. This Comment is the first formal publication of the FAIR Principles, and includes the rationale behind them, and some exemplar implementations in the community.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717", "year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 17121, "authors": [ "Antoine Daina", "Olivier Michielin", "Vincent Zoete" ], "source": "Scientific Reports", "abstract": "To be effective as a drug, a potent molecule must reach its target in the body in sufficient concentration, and stay there in a bioactive form long enough for the expected biologic events to occur. Drug development involves assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) increasingly earlier in the discovery process, at a stage when considered compounds are numerous but access to the physical samples is limited. In that context, computer models constitute valid alternatives to experiments. Here, we present the new SwissADME web tool that gives free access to a pool of fast yet robust predictive models for physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness, among which in-house proficient methods such as the BOILED-Egg, iLOGP and Bioavailability Radar. Easy efficient input and interpretation are ensured thanks to a user-friendly interface through the login-free website http://www.swissadme.ch. Specialists, but also nonexpert in cheminformatics or computational chemistry can predict rapidly key parameters for a collection of molecules to support their drug discovery endeavours.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "A Survey of Corporate Governance", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x", "year": 1997, "cited_by_count": 16233, "authors": [ "Andrei Shleifer", "Robert W. Vishny" ], "source": "The Journal of Finance", "abstract": "ABSTRACT This article surveys research on corporate governance, with special attention to the importance of legal protection of investors and of ownership concentration in corporate governance systems around the world.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50", "year": 2009, "cited_by_count": 14843, "authors": [ "Laura J. Damschroder", "David C. Aron", "Rosalind E. Keith", "Susan Kirsh", "J Alexander", "Julie C. Lowery" ], "source": "Implementation Science", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Many interventions found to be effective in health services research studies fail to translate into meaningful patient care outcomes across multiple contexts. Health services researchers recognize the need to evaluate not only summative outcomes but also formative outcomes to assess the extent to which implementation is effective in a specific setting, prolongs sustainability, and promotes dissemination into other settings. Many implementation theories have been published to help promote effective implementation. However, they overlap considerably in the constructs included in individual theories, and a comparison of theories reveals that each is missing important constructs included in other theories. In addition, terminology and definitions are not consistent across theories. We describe the Consolidated Framework For Implementation Research (CFIR) that offers an overarching typology to promote implementation theory development and verification about what works where and why across multiple contexts. METHODS: We used a snowball sampling approach to identify published theories that were evaluated to identify constructs based on strength of conceptual or empirical support for influence on implementation, consistency in definitions, alignment with our own findings, and potential for measurement. We combined constructs across published theories that had different labels but were redundant or overlapping in definition, and we parsed apart constructs that conflated underlying concepts. RESULTS: The CFIR is composed of five major domains: intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals involved, and the process of implementation. Eight constructs were identified related to the intervention (e.g., evidence strength and quality), four constructs were identified related to outer setting (e.g., patient needs and resources), 12 constructs were identified related to inner setting (e.g., culture, leadership engagement), five constructs were identified related to individual characteristics, and eight constructs were identified related to process (e.g., plan, evaluate, and reflect). We present explicit definitions for each construct. CONCLUSION: The CFIR provides a pragmatic structure for approaching complex, interacting, multi-level, and transient states of constructs in the real world by embracing, consolidating, and unifying key constructs from published implementation theories. It can be used to guide formative evaluations and build the implementation knowledge base across multiple studies and settings.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Dynamic capabilities: what are they?", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11<1105::aid-smj133>3.0.co;2-e", "year": 2000, "cited_by_count": 14446, "authors": [ "Kathleen M. Eisenhardt", "Jeffrey A. Martin" ], "source": "Strategic Management Journal", "abstract": "This paper focuses on dynamic capabilities and, more generally, the resource-based view of the firm. We argue that dynamic capabilities are a set of specific and identifiable processes such as product development, strategic decision making, and alliancing. They are neither vague nor tautological. Although dynamic capabilities are idiosyncratic in their details and path dependent in their emergence, they have significant commonalities across firms (popularly termed ‘best practice’). This suggests that they are more homogeneous, fungible, equifinal, and substitutable than is usually assumed. In moderately dynamic markets, dynamic capabilities resemble the traditional conception of routines. They are detailed, analytic, stable processes with predictable outcomes. In contrast, in high-velocity markets, they are simple, highly experiential and fragile processes with unpredictable outcomes. Finally, well-known learning mechanisms guide the evolution of dynamic capabilities. In moderately dynamic markets, the evolutionary emphasis is on variation. In high-velocity markets, it is on selection. At the level of RBV, we conclude that traditional RBV misidentifies the locus of long-term competitive advantage in dynamic markets, overemphasizes the strategic logic of leverage, and reaches a boundary condition in high-velocity markets. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 14264, "authors": [ "Rafael Lozano", "Mohsen Naghavi", "Kyle J Foreman", "Stephen S Lim", "Kenji Shibuya", "Victor Aboyans", "Jerry Abraham", "Tim Adair", "Rakesh Aggarwal", "Stephanie Y Ahn", "Mohammad A. AlMazroa", "Miriam Alvarado", "H Ross Anderson", "Laurie Anderson", "Kathryn Andrews", "Charles Atkinson", "Larry M. Baddour", "Suzanne Barker‐Collo", "David Bartels", "Michelle L. Bell", "Emelia J. Benjamin", "Derrick Bennett", "Kavi Bhalla", "Boris Bikbov", "Aref Bin Abdulhak", "Gretchen L. Birbeck", "Fiona Blyth", "Ian Bolliger", "Soufiane Boufous", "Chiara Bucello", "Michael Burch", "Peter Burney", "Jonathan R. Carapetis", "Honglei Chen", "David Chou", "Sumeet S. Chugh", "Luc E. Coffeng", "Steven D Colan", "Samantha Colquhoun", "K. Ellicott Colson", "John R. Condon", "Myles Connor", "Leslie T. Cooper", "Matthew Corriere", "Monica Cortinovis", "Karen Courville de Vaccaro", "William Couser", "Benjamin C Cowie", "Michael H Criqui", "Marita Cross", "Kaustubh Dabhadkar", "Nabila Dahodwala", "Diego De Leo", "Louisa Degenhardt", "Allyne Delossantos", "Julie O. Denenberg", "Don C. Des Jarlais", "Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne", "E. Ray Dorsey", "Tim Driscoll", "Herbert C. Duber", "Beth E. Ebel", "Patricia J. Erwin", "Patricia Espindola", "Majid Ezzati", "Valery L. Feigin", "Abraham D Flaxman", "Mohammad H. Forouzanfar", "F.G.R. Fowkes", "Richard C. Franklin", "Marlene Fransen", "Michael K Freeman", "Sherine E. Gabriel", "Emmanuela Gakidou", "Flavio Gaspari", "Richard F Gillum", "Diego González-Medina", "Yara A. Halasa", "Diana Haring", "James Harrison", "Rasmus Havmoeller", "Roderick J. Hay", "Bruno Hoen", "Peter J. Hotez", "Damian Hoy", "Kathryn H. Jacobsen", "Spencer L James", "Rashmi Jasrasaria", "Sudha Jayaraman", "Nicole E. Johns", "Ganesan Karthikeyan", "Nicholas J Kassebaum", "Andre Keren", "Jon‐Paul Khoo", "Lisa Marie Knowlton", "Olive Kobusingye", "Adofo Koranteng", "Rita Krishnamurthi", "Michael S. Lipnick", "Steven E. Lipshultz" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 14044, "authors": [ "Spencer L James", "Degu Abate", "Kalkidan Hassen Abate", "Solomón Mequanente Abay", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Nooshin Abbasi", "Hedayat Abbastabar", "Foad Abd-Allah", "Jemal Abdela", "Ahmed Abdelalim", "Ibrahim Abdollahpour", "Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader", "Abebe Zegeye", "Semaw Ferede Abera", "Olifan Zewdie Abil", "Haftom Niguse Abraha", "Laith J. Abu‐Raddad", "Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh", "Manfred Accrombessi", "Dilaram Acharya", "Pawan Acharya", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Abdu A. Adamu", "Oladimeji Adebayo", "Victor Adekanmbi", "Olatunji Adetokunboh", "Mina G Adib", "José Carmelo Adsuar", "Kossivi Agbélénko Afanvi", "Mohsen Afarideh", "Ashkan Afshin", "Gina Agarwal", "Kareha M Agesa", "Rakesh Aggarwal", "Sargis A. Aghayan", "Sutapa Agrawal", "Alireza Ahmadi", "Mehdi Ahmadi", "Hamid Ahmadieh", "Muktar Beshir Ahmed", "Amani Nidhal Aichour", "Ibtihel Aichour", "Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour", "Tomi Akinyemiju", "Nadia Akseer", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Ayman Al‐Eyadhy", "Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi", "Rajaa Al‐Raddadi", "Fares Alahdab", "Khurshid Alam", "Shazia Alam", "Alaa Alashi", "Seyed Moayed Alavian", "Kefyalew Addis Alene", "Mehran Alijanzadeh", "Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei", "Syed Mohamed Aljunid", "Ala’a Alkerwi", "François Alla", "Peter Allebeck", "Mohamed M L Alouani", "Khalid A Altirkawi", "Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán", "Azmeraw T. Amare", "Léopold Ndemnge Aminde", "Walid Ammar", "Yaw Ampem Amoako", "Nahla Anber", "Cătălina Liliana Andrei", "Sofia Androudi", "Megbaru Debalkie Animut", "Mina Anjomshoa", "Mustafa Geleto Ansha", "Carl Abelardo T. Antonio", "Palwasha Anwari", "Jalal Arabloo", "Antonio Araúz", "Olatunde Aremu", "Filippo Ariani", "Bahroom Armoon", "Johan Ärnlöv", "Amit Arora", "Al Artaman", "Krishna K Aryal", "Hamid Asayesh", "Rana Jawad Asghar", "Zerihun Ataro", "Sachin Atre", "Marcel Ausloos", "Leticia Ávila‐Burgos", "Euripide Avokpaho", "Ashish Awasthi", "Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla", "Rakesh Ayer", "Peter Azzopardi", "Arefeh Babazadeh", "Hamid Badali", "Alaa Badawi", "Ayele Geleto" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. FINDINGS: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). INTERPRETATION: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 14003, "authors": [ "Alfonso J. Cruz‐Jentoft", "Gülistan Bahat", "Jürgen M. Bauer", "Yves Boirie‌", "Olivier Bruyère", "Tommy Cederholm", "Cyrus Cooper", "Francesco Landi", "Yves Rolland", "Avan Aihie Sayer", "S. Schneider", "Cornel Sieber", "Eva Topinková", "M. Vandewoude", "Marjolein Visser", "Mauro Zamboni", "Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), and the Extended Group for EWGSOP2", "Ivan Bautmans", "Jean‐Pierre Baeyens", "Matteo Cesari", "Antonio Cherubini", "John А. Kanis", "Marcello Maggio", "Finbarr C. Martin", "Jean‐Pierre Michel", "Kaisu Pitkälä", "Jean‐Yves Reginster", "René Rizzoli", "Dolores Sánchez‐Rodríguez", "Jos M. G. A. Schols" ], "source": "Age and Ageing", "abstract": "Background: in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings. Objectives: to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia. Recommendations: sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia. Conclusions: EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32154-2", "year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 13547, "authors": [ "Theo Vos", "Amanuel Alemu Abajobir", "Kalkidan Hassen Abate", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Kaja Abbas", "Foad Abd-Allah", "Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader", "Abdishakur Abdulle", "Teshome Abuka Abebo", "Semaw Ferede Abera", "Victor Aboyans", "Laith J. Abu‐Raddad", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Abdu A. Adamu", "Olatunji Adetokunboh", "Mohsen Afarideh", "Ashkan Afshin", "Sanjay Agarwal", "Rakesh Aggarwal", "Anurag Agrawal", "Sutapa Agrawal", "Hamid Ahmadieh", "Muktar Beshir Ahmed", "Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour", "Amani Nidhal Aichour", "Ibtihel Aichour", "Sneha Aiyar", "Rufus Akinyemi", "Nadia Akseer", "Faris Lami", "Fares Alahdab", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Khurshid Alam", "Noore Alam", "Shazia Alam", "Deena Alasfoor", "Kefyalew Addis Alene", "Raghib Ali", "Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei", "Ala’a Alkerwi", "François Alla", "Peter Allebeck", "Christine A. Allen", "Fatma Al‐Maskari", "Rajaa Al‐Raddadi", "Ubai Alsharif", "Shirina Alsowaidi", "Khalid A Altirkawi", "Azmeraw T. Amare", "Erfan Amini", "Walid Ammar", "Yaw Ampem Amoako", "Hjalte Holm Andersen", "Carl Abelardo T. Antonio", "Palwasha Anwari", "Johan Ärnlöv", "Al Artaman", "Krishna Kumar Aryal", "Hamid Asayesh", "Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom", "Reza Assadi", "Tesfay Mehari Atey", "Niguse Tadele Atnafu", "Sachin Atre", "Leticia Ávila‐Burgos", "Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokphako", "Ashish Awasthi", "Umar Bacha", "Alaa Badawi", "Kalpana Balakrishnan", "Amitava Banerjee", "Marlena S. Bannick", "Aleksandra Barać", "Ryan M Barber", "Suzanne Barker‐Collo", "Till Bärnighausen", "Sı́món Barquera", "Lars Barregård", "Lope H. Barrero", "Sanjay Basu", "Bob Battista", "Katherine E. Battle", "Bernhard T. Baune", "Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi", "Justin Beardsley", "Neeraj Bedi", "Ettore Beghi", "Yannick Béjot", "Bayu Begashaw Bekele", "Michelle L. Bell", "Derrick Bennett", "Isabela M. Benseñor", "Jennifer Benson", "Adugnaw Berhane", "Derbew Fikadu Berhe", "Eduardo Bernabé", "Balem Demtsu Betsu", "Mircea Beuran", "Addisu Shunu Beyene", "Neeraj Bhala" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. METHODS: We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). INTERPRETATION: The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 13334, "authors": [ "Cathie Sudlow", "John Gallacher", "Naomi E. Allen", "Valerie Beral", "Paul R. Burton", "John Danesh", "Paul Downey", "Paul Elliott", "Jane Green", "Martin Landray", "Bette Liu", "Paul M. Matthews", "Giok Ong", "Jill P. Pell", "Alan J. Silman", "A. P. Young", "Tim Sprosen", "Tim Peakman", "Rory Collins" ], "source": "PLoS Medicine", "abstract": "Cathie Sudlow and colleagues describe the UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective study, established to allow investigation of the genetic and non-genetic determinants of the diseases of middle and old age.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 13178, "authors": [ "Larissa Shamseer", "David Moher", "Mike Clarke", "Davina Ghersi", "A. Liberati", "Mark Petticrew", "Paul Shekelle", "Lesley Stewart", "the PRISMA-P Group" ], "source": "BMJ", "abstract": "Protocols of systematic reviews and meta-analyses allow for planning and documentation of review methods, act as a guard against arbitrary decision making during review conduct, enable readers to assess for the presence of selective reporting against completed reviews, and, when made publicly available, reduce duplication of efforts and potentially prompt collaboration. Evidence documenting the existence of selective reporting and excessive duplication of reviews on the same or similar topics is accumulating and many calls have been made in support of the documentation and public availability of review protocols. Several efforts have emerged in recent years to rectify these problems, including development of an international register for prospective reviews (PROSPERO) and launch of the first open access journal dedicated to the exclusive publication of systematic review products, including protocols (BioMed Central's Systematic Reviews). Furthering these efforts and building on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, an international group of experts has created a guideline to improve the transparency, accuracy, completeness, and frequency of documented systematic review and meta-analysis protocols--PRISMA-P (for protocols) 2015. The PRISMA-P checklist contains 17 items considered to be essential and minimum components of a systematic review or meta-analysis protocol.This PRISMA-P 2015 Explanation and Elaboration paper provides readers with a full understanding of and evidence about the necessity of each item as well as a model example from an existing published protocol. This paper should be read together with the PRISMA-P 2015 statement. Systematic review authors and assessors are strongly encouraged to make use of PRISMA-P when drafting and appraising review protocols.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 12997, "authors": [ "Theresa A. McDonagh", "Marco Metra", "Marianna Adamo", "Roy S. Gardner", "Andreas Baumbach", "Michael Böhm", "Haran Burri", "Javed Butler", "Jelena Čelutkienė", "Ovidiu Chioncel", "John G.F. Cleland", "Andrew J.S. Coats", "María G. Crespo‐Leiro", "Dimitrios Farmakis", "Martine Gilard", "Stéphane Heymans", "Arno W. Hoes", "Tiny Jaarsma", "Ewa A. Jankowska", "Mitja Lainščak", "Carolyn S.P. Lam", "Alexander R. Lyon", "John J.V. McMurray", "Alexandre Mebazaa", "Richard Mindham", "Claudio Muneretto", "Massimo Piepoli", "Susanna Price", "Giuseppe Rosano", "Frank Ruschitzka", "Anne Kathrine Skibelund", "ESC Scientific Document Group", "Rudolf A. de Boer", "P. Christian Schulze", "Magdy Abdelhamid", "Victor Aboyans", "Stamatis Adamopoulos", "Stefan D. Anker", "Elena Arbelo", "Riccardo Asteggiano", "Johann Bauersachs", "Antoni Bayés‐Genís", "Michael A. Borger", "Werner Budts", "Maja Čikeš", "Kevin Damman", "Victoria Delgado", "Paul Dendale", "Polychronis Dilaveris", "Heinz Drexel", "Justin A. Ezekowitz", "Volkmar Falk", "Laurent Fauchier", "Gerasimos Filippatos", "Alan G. Fraser", "Norbert Frey", "Chris P Gale", "Finn Gustafsson", "Julie Harris", "Bernard Iung", "Stefan Janssens", "Mariell Jessup", "А. О. Конради", "Dipak Kotecha", "Ekaterini Lambrinou", "Patrizio Lancellotti", "Ulf Landmesser", "Christophe Leclercq", "Basil S. Lewis", "Francisco Leyva", "Aleš Linhart", "Maja‐Lisa Løchen", "Lars H. Lund", "Donna Mancini", "Josep Masip", "Davor Miličić", "Christian Mueller", "Holger Nef", "Jens Cosedis Nielsen", "Lis Neubeck", "Michel Noutsias", "Steffen E. Petersen", "Anna Sonia Petronio", "Piotr Ponikowski", "Eva Prescott", "Amina Rakisheva", "Dimitrios J. Richter", "E. V. Schlyakhto", "Petar Seferović", "Michele Senni", "Marta Sitges", "Miguel Sousa‐Uva", "Carlo G. Tocchetti", "Rhian M. Touyz", "Carsten Tschöepe", "Johannes Waltenberger", "Marianna Adamo", "Andreas Baumbach", "Michael Böhm", "Haran Burri" ], "source": "European Heart Journal", "abstract": "The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication.The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies.Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver.Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80", "year": 2004, "cited_by_count": 12526, "authors": [ "Robert Gentleman", "Vincent J. Carey", "Douglas M. Bates", "Ben Bolstad", "Marcel Dettling", "Sandrine Dudoit", "Byron Ellis", "Laurent Gautier", "Yongchao Ge", "Jeff Gentry", "Kurt Hornik", "Torsten Hothorn", "Wolfgang Huber", "Stefano M. Iacus", "Rafael A. Irizarry", "Friedrich Leisch", "Cheng Li", "Martin Maechler", "Anthony Rossini", "Günther Sawitzki", "Colin A. Smith", "Gordon K. Smyth", "Luke Tierney", "Jean Yang", "Jianhua Zhang" ], "source": "Genome biology", "abstract": "The Bioconductor project is an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics. The goals of the project include: fostering collaborative development and widespread use of innovative software, reducing barriers to entry into interdisciplinary scientific research, and promoting the achievement of remote reproducibility of research results. We describe details of our aims and methods, identify current challenges, compare Bioconductor to other open bioinformatics projects, and provide working examples.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 11993, "authors": [ "Stephen S Lim", "Theo Vos", "Abraham D Flaxman", "Goodarz Danaei", "Kenji Shibuya", "Heather Adair‐Rohani", "Mohammad A. AlMazroa", "Markus Amann", "H Ross Anderson", "Kathryn Andrews", "Martin J. Aryee", "Charles Atkinson", "Loraine Bacchus", "Adil N Bahalim", "Kalpana Balakrishnan", "John R. Balmes", "Suzanne Barker‐Collo", "Amanda Baxter", "Michelle L. Bell", "Jed D Blore", "Fiona Blyth", "Carissa Bonner", "Guilherme Borges", "Rupert Bourne", "Michel Boussinesq", "Michael Bräuer", "Peter Brooks", "Nigel Bruce", "Bert Brunekreef", "Claire Bryan-Hancock", "Chiara Bucello", "Rachelle Buchbinder", "Fiona Bull", "Richard T. Burnett", "Tim Byers", "Bianca Calabria", "Jonathan R. Carapetis", "Emily Carnahan", "Zoë Chafe", "Fiona Charlson", "Honglei Chen", "Jian Chen", "Andrew T. A. Cheng", "Jennifer Child", "Aaron J. Cohen", "K. Ellicott Colson", "Benjamin C Cowie", "Sarah C. Darby", "S. M. Darling", "Adrian Davis", "Louisa Degenhardt", "Frank Dentener", "Don C. Des Jarlais", "Karen Devries", "Mukesh Dherani", "Eric L. Ding", "E. Ray Dorsey", "Tim Driscoll", "Karen Edmond", "Suad Eltahir Ali", "Rebecca E Engell", "Patricia J. Erwin", "Saman Fahimi", "Gail Falder", "Farshad Farzadfar", "Alize J Ferrari", "Mariel M. Finucane", "Seth Flaxman", "F.G.R. Fowkes", "Greg Freedman", "Michael K Freeman", "Emmanuela Gakidou", "Santu Ghosh", "Edward L. Giovannucci", "Gerhard Gmel", "Kathryn Graham", "Rebecca Grainger", "Bridget F. Grant", "David Gunnell", "Hialy Gutierrez", "Wayne Hall", "Hans W. Hoek", "Anthony Hogan", "Hung Chak Ho", "Damian Hoy", "Howard Hu", "Bryan Hubbell", "Sally Hutchings", "S Ibeanusi", "Gemma Jacklyn", "Rashmi Jasrasaria", "Jost B Jonas", "Haidong Kan", "John А. Kanis", "Nicholas J Kassebaum", "Norito Kawakami", "Young‐Ho Khang", "Shahab Khatibzadeh", "Jon‐Paul Khoo", "Cindy Kok" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010", "year": 2013, "cited_by_count": 11979, "authors": [ "Jayavardhana Gubbi", "Rajkumar Buyya", "Slaven Marusic", "Marimuthu Palaniswami" ], "source": "Future Generation Computer Systems", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 11509, "authors": [ "Piotr Ponikowski", "Adriaan A. Voors", "Stefan D. Anker", "Héctor Bueno", "John G. F. Cleland", "Andrew J. S. Coats", "Volkmar Falk", "José Ramón González-Juanatey", "Veli-Pekka Harjola", "Ewa A. Jankowska", "Mariell Jessup", "Cecilia Linde", "Petros Nihoyannopoulos", "John T. Parissis", "Burkert Pieske", "Jillian P. Riley", "Giuseppe M. C. Rosano", "Luis M. Ruilope", "Frank Ruschitzka", "Frans H. Rutten", "Peter van der Meer" ], "source": "European Heart Journal", "abstract": "No abstract available.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 11158, "authors": [ "Clotilde Théry", "Kenneth W. Witwer", "Elena Aïkawa", "María José Alcaraz", "Johnathon D. Anderson", "Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina", "Anna Antoniou", "Tanina Arab", "Fabienne Archer", "Georgia K. Atkin‐Smith", "D. Craig Ayre", "Jean‐Marie Bach", "Daniel Bachurski", "Hossein Baharvand", "Leonora Balaj", "Shawn Baldacchino", "Natalie Bauer", "Amy A. Baxter", "Mary Bebawy", "Carla Beckham", "Apolonija Bedina Zavec", "Abderrahim Benmoussa", "Anna C. Berardi", "Paolo Bergese", "Ewa Bielska", "Cherie Blenkiron", "Sylwia Bobis‐Wozowicz", "Éric Boilard", "Wilfrid Boireau", "Antonella Bongiovanni", "Francesc E. Borràs", "Steffi Bösch", "Chantal M. Boulanger", "Xandra O. Breakefield", "Andrew Breglio", "Meadhbh Á. Brennan", "David R. Brigstock", "Alain Brisson", "Marike L. D. Broekman", "Jacqueline Bromberg", "Paulina Bryl‐Górecka", "Shilpa Buch", "Amy H. Buck", "Dylan Burger", "Sara Busatto", "Dominik Buschmann", "Benedetta Bussolati", "Edit I. Buzás", "James Brian Byrd", "Giovanni Camussi", "David R. F. Carter", "Sarah Caruso", "Lawrence W. Chamley", "Yu‐Ting Chang", "Chihchen Chen", "Daiwen Chen", "Lesley Cheng", "Andrew R. Chin", "Aled Clayton", "Stefano Piatto Clerici", "Alex Cocks", "Emanuele Cocucci", "Robert J. Coffey", "Anabela Cordeiro‐da‐Silva", "Yvonne Couch", "Frank A. W. Coumans", "Beth Coyle", "Rossella Crescitelli", "Miriã Ferreira Criado", "Crislyn D’Souza‐Schorey", "Saumya Das", "Amrita Datta Chaudhuri", "Paola de Candia", "Eliezer F De Santana", "Olivier De Wever", "Hernando A. del Portillo", "Tanguy Demaret", "Sarah Deville", "Andrew Devitt", "Bert Dhondt", "Dolores Di Vizio", "Lothar C. Dieterich", "Vincenza Dolo", "Ana Paula Domínguez Rubio", "Massimo Dominici", "Maurício Rocha Dourado", "Tom A. P. Driedonks", "Filipe V. Duarte", "Heather M. Duncan", "Ramon M. Eichenberger", "Karin M. Ekström", "Samir EL Andaloussi", "Céline Élie-Caille", "Uta Erdbrügger", "Juan Manuel Falcón‐Pérez", "Farah Fatima", "Jason E. Fish", "Miguel Flores‐Bellver", "András Försönits", "Annie Frelet‐Barrand" ], "source": "Journal of Extracellular Vesicles", "abstract": "The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (\"MISEV\") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these \"MISEV2014\" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services cost efficiency" }, { "title": "Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010", "year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 11073, "authors": [ "Gregory A. Roth", "George A. Mensah", "Catherine O. Johnson", "Giovanni Addolorato", "Enrico Ammirati", "Larry M. Baddour", "Noël C. Barengo", "Andrea Beaton", "Emelia J. Benjamin", "Catherine P. Benziger", "Aimé Bonny", "Michael Bräuer", "Marianne Brodmann", "Thomas J. Cahill", "Jonathan R. Carapetis", "Alberico L. Catapano", "Sumeet S. Chugh", "Leslie T. Cooper", "Josef Coresh", "Michael H Criqui", "Nicole DeCleene", "Kim A. Eagle", "Sophia Emmons‐Bell", "Valery L. Feigin", "Joaquim Fernández‐Solà", "Gerry Fowkes", "Emmanuela Gakidou", "Scott M. Grundy", "Feng J. He", "George Howard", "Frank B. Hu", "Lesley A. Inker", "Ganesan Karthikeyan", "Nicholas J Kassebaum", "Walter J. Koroshetz", "Carl J. Lavie", "Donald M. Lloyd‐Jones", "Hong Lü", "Antonio Mirijello", "Awoke Misganaw Temesgen", "Ali H. Mokdad", "Andrew Moran", "Paul Muntner", "Jagat Narula", "Bruce Neal", "Mpiko Ntsekhe", "Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira", "Catherine M Otto", "Mayowa Owolabi", "Michael Pratt", "Sanjay Rajagopalan", "Marissa B Reitsma", "Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro", "Nancy A. Rigotti", "Anthony Rodgers", "Craig Sable", "Saate Shakil", "Karen Sliwa‐Hahnle", "Benjamin Stark", "Johan Sundström", "Patrick Timpel", "Imad M. Tleyjeh", "Marco Valgimigli", "Theo Vos", "Paul K. Whelton", "Magdi Yacoub", "Liesl Zühlke", "Chris Murray", "Valentı́n Fuster", "Gregory A. Roth", "George A. Mensah", "Catherine O. Johnson", "Giovanni Addolorato", "Enrico Ammirati", "Larry M. Baddour", "Noël C. Barengo", "Andrea Beaton", "Emelia J. Benjamin", "Catherine P. Benziger", "Aimé Bonny", "Michael Bräuer", "Marianne Brodmann", "Thomas J. Cahill", "Jonathan R. Carapetis", "Alberico L. Catapano", "Sumeet S. Chugh", "Leslie T. Cooper", "Josef Coresh", "Michael H Criqui", "Nicole DeCleene", "Kim A. Eagle", "Sophia Emmons‐Bell", "Valery L. Feigin", "Joaquim Fernández‐Solà", "F. Gerry R. Fowkes", "Emmanuela Gakidou", "Scott M. Grundy", "Feng J. He", "George Howard", "Frank B. Hu" ], "source": "Journal of the American College of Cardiology", "abstract": "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-3-33", "year": 2011, "cited_by_count": 11056, "authors": [ "Noel M. O’Boyle", "Michael Banck", "Craig A. James", "Chris Morley", "Tim Vandermeersch", "Geoffrey Hutchison" ], "source": "Journal of Cheminformatics", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: A frequent problem in computational modeling is the interconversion of chemical structures between different formats. While standard interchange formats exist (for example, Chemical Markup Language) and de facto standards have arisen (for example, SMILES format), the need to interconvert formats is a continuing problem due to the multitude of different application areas for chemistry data, differences in the data stored by different formats (0D versus 3D, for example), and competition between software along with a lack of vendor-neutral formats. RESULTS: We discuss, for the first time, Open Babel, an open-source chemical toolbox that speaks the many languages of chemical data. Open Babel version 2.3 interconverts over 110 formats. The need to represent such a wide variety of chemical and molecular data requires a library that implements a wide range of cheminformatics algorithms, from partial charge assignment and aromaticity detection, to bond order perception and canonicalization. We detail the implementation of Open Babel, describe key advances in the 2.3 release, and outline a variety of uses both in terms of software products and scientific research, including applications far beyond simple format interconversion. CONCLUSIONS: Open Babel presents a solution to the proliferation of multiple chemical file formats. In addition, it provides a variety of useful utilities from conformer searching and 2D depiction, to filtering, batch conversion, and substructure and similarity searching. For developers, it can be used as a programming library to handle chemical data in areas such as organic chemistry, drug design, materials science, and computational chemistry. It is freely available under an open-source license from http://openbabel.org.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services value creation" }, { "title": "PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 10975, "authors": [ "Matthew J. Page", "David Moher", "Patrick M. Bossuyt", "Isabelle Boutron", "Tammy Hoffmann", "Cynthia D. Mulrow", "Larissa Shamseer", "Jennifer Tetzlaff", "Elie A. Akl", "Sue Brennan", "Roger Chou", "Julie Glanville", "Jeremy Grimshaw", "Asbjørn Hróbjartsson", "Manoj M. Lalu", "Tianjing Li", "Elizabeth Loder", "Evan Mayo‐Wilson", "Steve McDonald", "Luke A. McGuinness", "Lesley Stewart", "James Thomas", "Andrea C. Tricco", "Vivian Welch", "Penny Whiting", "Joanne E. McKenzie" ], "source": "BMJ", "abstract": "The PRISMA 2020 statement includes a checklist of 27 items to guide reporting of systematic reviews In this article we explain why reporting of each item is recommended, present bullet points that detail the reporting recommendations, and present examples from published reviews We hope that uptake of the PRISMA 2020 statement will lead to more transparent, complete, and accurate reporting of systematic reviews, thus facilitating evidence based decision making on 1 September", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "The Cambridge Structural Database", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616003954", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 10133, "authors": [ "Colin R. Groom", "Ian Bruno", "Matthew P. Lightfoot", "Suzanna C. Ward" ], "source": "Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science Crystal Engineering and Materials", "abstract": "The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) contains a complete record of all published organic and metal-organic small-molecule crystal structures. The database has been in operation for over 50 years and continues to be the primary means of sharing structural chemistry data and knowledge across disciplines. As well as structures that are made public to support scientific articles, it includes many structures published directly as CSD Communications. All structures are processed both computationally and by expert structural chemistry editors prior to entering the database. A key component of this processing is the reliable association of the chemical identity of the structure studied with the experimental data. This important step helps ensure that data is widely discoverable and readily reusable. Content is further enriched through selective inclusion of additional experimental data. Entries are available to anyone through free CSD community web services. Linking services developed and maintained by the CCDC, combined with the use of standard identifiers, facilitate discovery from other resources. Data can also be accessed through CCDC and third party software applications and through an application programming interface.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.8", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 9124, "authors": [ "J. Gregory Caporaso", "Christian L. Lauber", "William A. Walters", "Donna Berg-Lyons", "James S. Huntley", "Noah Fierer", "Sarah M. Owens", "Jason Betley", "Louise Fraser", "Markus Bauer", "Niall Gormley", "Jack A. Gilbert", "Geoff Smith", "Rob Knight" ], "source": "The ISME Journal", "abstract": "DNA sequencing continues to decrease in cost with the Illumina HiSeq2000 generating up to 600 Gb of paired-end 100 base reads in a ten-day run. Here we present a protocol for community amplicon sequencing on the HiSeq2000 and MiSeq Illumina platforms, and apply that protocol to sequence 24 microbial communities from host-associated and free-living environments. A critical question as more sequencing platforms become available is whether biological conclusions derived on one platform are consistent with what would be derived on a different platform. We show that the protocol developed for these instruments successfully recaptures known biological results, and additionally that biological conclusions are consistent across sequencing platforms (the HiSeq2000 versus the MiSeq) and across the sequenced regions of amplicons.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services cost efficiency" }, { "title": "Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012", "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 9028, "authors": [ "Alejandro Barredo Arrieta", "Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez", "Javier Del Ser", "Adrien Bennetot", "Siham Tabik", "Alberto Barbado", "Salvador García", "Sergio Gil-López", "Daniel Molina", "Richard Benjamins", "Raja Chatila", "Francisco Herrera" ], "source": "Information Fusion", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "A view of cloud computing", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/1721654.1721672", "year": 2010, "cited_by_count": 8998, "authors": [ "Michael Armbrust", "Armando Fox", "Rean Griffith", "Anthony D. Joseph", "Randy H. Katz", "Andy Konwinski", "Gunho Lee", "David A. Patterson", "Ariel Rabkin", "Ion Stoica", "Matei Zaharia" ], "source": "Communications of the ACM", "abstract": "Clearing the clouds away from the true potential and obstacles posed by this computing capability.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services cost efficiency" }, { "title": "2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455", "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 8915, "authors": [ "François Mach", "Colin Baigent", "Alberico L. Catapano", "Konstantinos C. Koskinas", "Manuela Casula", "Lina Badimón", "M. John Chapman", "Guy G De Backer", "Victoria Delgado", "Brian A. Ference", "Ian M Graham", "Alison Halliday", "Ulf Landmesser", "Borislava Mihaylova", "Terje R. Pedersen", "Gabriele Riccardi", "Dimitrios J Richter", "Marc S. Sabatine", "Marja‐Riitta Taskinen", "Lale Tokgozoglu", "Olov Wiklund", "ESC Scientific Document Group", "Christian Mueller", "Heinz Drexel", "Victor Aboyans", "Alberto Corsini", "Wolfram Doehner", "Michel Farnier", "Bruna Gigante", "Meral Kayıkçıoğlu", "Goran Krstačić", "Ekaterini Lambrinou", "Basil S. Lewis", "Josep Masip", "Philippe Moulin", "Steffen E. Petersen", "Anna Sonia Petronio", "Massimo Piepoli", "Xavier Pintó", "Lorenz Räber", "Kausik K. Ray", "Željko Reiner", "Walter F. Riesen", "Marco Roffi", "Jean-Paul Schmid", "Е. V. Shlyakhto", "Iain A Simpson", "Erik S.G. Stroes", "Isabella Sudano", "Alexandros D. Tselepis", "Margus Viigimaa", "Cécile Vindis", "Alexander Vonbank", "Michal Vrablik", "Mislav Vrsalović", "José Luis Zamorano", "Jean-Philippe Collet", "Konstantinos C. Koskinas", "Manuela Casula", "Lina Badimon", "M. John Chapman", "Guy G De Backer", "Victoria Delgado", "Brian A. Ference", "Ian M Graham", "Alison Halliday", "Ulf Landmesser", "Borislava Mihaylova", "Terje R Pedersen", "Gabriele Riccardi", "Dimitrios J Richter", "Marc S. Sabatine", "Marja‐Riitta Taskinen", "Lale Tokgozoglu", "Olov Wiklund", "Stephan Windecker", "Victor Aboyans", "Colin Baigent", "Jean-Philippe Collet", "Verónica Dean", "Victoria Delgado", "Donna Fitzsimons", "Chris P Gale", "Diederick E. Grobbee", "Sigrun Halvorsen", "Gerhard Hindricks", "Bernard Iung", "Peter Jüni", "Hugo A. Katus", "Ulf Landmesser", "Christophe Leclercq", "Maddalena Lettino", "Basil S Lewis", "Bela Merkely", "Christian Mueller", "Steffen E. Petersen", "Anna Sonia Petronio", "Dimitrios J Richter", "Marco Roffi", "Е. V. Shlyakhto" ], "source": "European Heart Journal", "abstract": "The ESC/EAS Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and EAS, and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge, and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC and EAS is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy, and/or ambiguity between the ESC/EAS Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC/EAS Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC/EAS Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver. Nor do the ESC/EAS Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 8857, "authors": [ "Andriy Fedorov", "Reinhard Beichel", "Jayashree Kalpathy–Cramer", "Julien Finet", "Jean‐Christophe Fillion‐Robin", "Sonia Pujol", "Christian Bauer", "Dominique Jennings", "Fiona Fennessy", "Milan Sonka", "John M. Buatti", "Stephen Aylward", "James V. Miller", "Steve Pieper", "Ron Kikinis" ], "source": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32203-7", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 8676, "authors": [ "Gregory A. Roth", "Degu Abate", "Kalkidan Hassen Abate", "Solomón Mequanente Abay", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Nooshin Abbasi", "Hedayat Abbastabar", "Foad Abd-Allah", "Jemal Abdela", "Ahmed Abdelalim", "Ibrahim Abdollahpour", "Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader", "Haftom Temesgen Abebe", "Molla Abebe", "Abebe Zegeye", "Ayenew Negesse Abejie", "Semaw Ferede Abera", "Olifan Zewdie Abil", "Haftom Niguse Abraha", "Aklilu Roba Abrham", "Laith J. Abu‐Raddad", "Manfred Accrombessi", "Dilaram Acharya", "Abdu A. Adamu", "Oladimeji Adebayo", "Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin", "Victor Adekanmbi", "Olatunji Adetokunboh", "Beyene Meressa Adhena", "Mina G Adib", "Amha Admasie", "Ashkan Afshin", "Gina Agarwal", "Kareha M Agesa", "Anurag Agrawal", "Sutapa Agrawal", "Alireza Ahmadi", "Mehdi Ahmadi", "Muktar Beshir Ahmed", "Sayem Ahmed", "Amani Nidhal Aichour", "Ibtihel Aichour", "Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour", "Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari", "Rufus Akinyemi", "Nadia Akseer", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Ayman Al‐Eyadhy", "Rajaa Al‐Raddadi", "Fares Alahdab", "Khurshid Alam", "Shazia Alam", "Animut Alebel", "Kefyalew Addis Alene", "Mehran Alijanzadeh", "Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei", "Syed Mohamed Aljunid", "Ala’a Alkerwi", "François Alla", "Peter Allebeck", "Jordi Alonso", "Khalid A Altirkawi", "Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán", "Azmeraw T. Amare", "Léopold Ndemnge Aminde", "Erfan Amini", "Walid Ammar", "Yaw Ampem Amoako", "Nahla Anber", "Cătălina Liliana Andrei", "Sofia Androudi", "Megbaru Debalkie Animut", "Mina Anjomshoa", "Hossein Ansari", "Mustafa Geleto Ansha", "Carl Abelardo T. Antonio", "Palwasha Anwari", "Olatunde Aremu", "Johan Ärnlöv", "Amit Arora", "Monika Arora", "Al Artaman", "Krishna K Aryal", "Hamid Asayesh", "Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw", "Zerihun Ataro", "Suleman Atique", "Sachin Atre", "Marcel Ausloos", "Euripide Avokpaho", "Ashish Awasthi", "Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla", "Yohanes Ayele", "Rakesh Ayer", "Peter Azzopardi", "Arefeh Babazadeh", "Umar Bacha", "Hamid Badali", "Alaa Badawi", "Ayele Geleto Bali" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. METHODS: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. FINDINGS: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9-19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7-8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5-23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20-8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0-8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0-24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1-33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5-4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2-15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9-59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8-148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2-40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2-36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990-neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases-were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297", "year": 2007, "cited_by_count": 8412, "authors": [ "Jan P. Vandenbroucke", "Erik von Elm", "Douglas G. Altman", "Peter C Gøtzsche", "Cynthia D. Mulrow", "Stuart Pocock", "Charles Poole", "James J. Schlesselman", "Matthias Egger", "for the STROBE Initiative" ], "source": "PLoS Medicine", "abstract": "Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61729-2", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 8388, "authors": [ "Theo Vos", "Abraham D Flaxman", "Mohsen Naghavi", "Rafael Lozano", "Catherine Michaud", "Majid Ezzati", "Kenji Shibuya", "Joshua A. Salomon", "Safa Abdalla", "Victor Aboyans", "Jerry Abraham", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Rakesh Aggarwal", "Stephanie Y Ahn", "Mohammed K. Ali", "Mohammad A. AlMazroa", "Miriam Alvarado", "H Ross Anderson", "Laurie Anderson", "Kathryn Andrews", "Charles Atkinson", "Larry M. Baddour", "Adil N Bahalim", "Suzanne Barker‐Collo", "Lope H. Barrero", "David Bartels", "Marı́a-Gloria Basáñez", "Amanda Baxter", "Michelle L. Bell", "Emelia J. Benjamin", "Derrick Bennett", "Eduardo Bernabé", "Kavi Bhalla", "Bishal Bhandari", "Boris Bikbov", "Aref Bin Abdulhak", "Gretchen L. Birbeck", "James A Black", "Hannah Blencowe", "Jed D Blore", "Fiona Blyth", "Ian Bolliger", "Audrey Bonaventure", "Soufiane Boufous", "Rupert Bourne", "Michel Boussinesq", "Tasanee Braithwaite", "Carol Brayne", "Lisa Bridgett", "Simon Brooker", "Peter Brooks", "Traolach Brugha", "Claire Bryan-Hancock", "Chiara Bucello", "Rachelle Buchbinder", "Geoffrey Buckle", "Christine M. Budke", "Michael Burch", "Peter Burney", "Roy Burstein", "Bianca Calabria", "Benjamin Campbell", "Charles E. Canter", "Hélène Carabin", "Jonathan R. Carapetis", "Loreto Carmona", "Claudia Cella", "Fiona Charlson", "Honglei Chen", "Andrew Tai-Ann Cheng", "David Chou", "Sumeet S. Chugh", "Luc E. Coffeng", "Steven D Colan", "Samantha Colquhoun", "K. Ellicott Colson", "John R. Condon", "Myles Connor", "Leslie T. Cooper", "Matthew Corriere", "Monica Cortinovis", "Karen Courville de Vaccaro", "William Couser", "Benjamin C Cowie", "Michael H Criqui", "Marita Cross", "Kaustubh Dabhadkar", "Manu Dahiya", "Nabila Dahodwala", "James Damsere-Derry", "Goodarz Danaei", "Adrian Davis", "Diego De Leo", "Louisa Degenhardt", "Robert P. Dellavalle", "Allyne Delossantos", "Julie O. Denenberg", "Sarah Derrett", "Don C. Des Jarlais", "Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2015.2444095", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 8329, "authors": [ "Ala Al‐Fuqaha", "Mohsen Guizani", "Mehdi Mohammadi", "Mohammed Aledhari", "Moussa Ayyash" ], "source": "IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials", "abstract": "This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.35", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 8139, "authors": [ "Alistair E. W. Johnson", "Tom Pollard", "Lu Shen", "Li-wei H. Lehman", "Mengling Feng", "Mohammad M. Ghassemi", "Benjamin Moody", "Peter Szolovits", "Leo Anthony Celi", "Roger G. Mark" ], "source": "Scientific Data", "abstract": "MIMIC-III ('Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care') is a large, single-center database comprising information relating to patients admitted to critical care units at a large tertiary care hospital. Data includes vital signs, medications, laboratory measurements, observations and notes charted by care providers, fluid balance, procedure codes, diagnostic codes, imaging reports, hospital length of stay, survival data, and more. The database supports applications including academic and industrial research, quality improvement initiatives, and higher education coursework.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13595", "year": 2014, "cited_by_count": 8088, "authors": [ "Jacqueline I. Goldstein", "Benjamin M. Neale", "Stephan Ripke", "Hailiang Huang", "Kai-How Farh", "Hailiang Huang", "Menachem Fromer", "Brendan Bulik‐Sullivan", "Mark J. Daly", "Kimberly D. Chambert", "Giulio Genovese", "Jordan W. Smoller", "Phil Lee", "Edward M. Scolnick", "Stephan Ripke", "Elizabeth Bevilacqua", "Jennifer L. Moran", "Aarno Palotie", "Tracey L. Petryshen", "Richard A. Belliveau", "Steven A. McCarroll", "Sarah E. Bergen", "Joel N. Hirschhorn", "Alkes Price", "Eli A. Stahl", "Tõnu Esko", "Aiden Corvin", "Paul Cormican", "Jacqueline I. Goldstein", "Derek W. Morris", "Benjamin M. Neale", "James T. R. Walters", "Hailiang Huang", "Noa Carrera", "Alkes L. Price", "Mark J. Daly", "Lyudmila Georgieva", "Marian L. Hamshere", "Benjamin M. Neale", "Jordan W. Smoller", "Andrew J. Pocklington", "Paul Cormican", "Aiden Corvin", "Michael Gill", "Gary Donohoe", "Michael J. Owen", "Alexander Richards", "David A. Collier", "Michael J. Owen", "Noa Carrera", "Marian L. Hamshere", "Nick Craddock", "David Kavanagh", "Morten Mattingsdal", "Peter Holmans", "George Kirov", "Sophie E. Legge", "Valentina Escott‐Price", "Nigel Williams", "Andrew Pocklington", "Lyudmila Georgieva", "James Walters", "Nick Craddock", "Henrik B. Rasmussen", "Michael J. Owen", "Peter Holmans", "David Collier", "Younes Mokrab", "David Collier", "Tune H. Pers", "Farooq Amin", "Silviu A. Bacanu", "Tim B. Bigdeli", "Erik Söderman", "Brandon K. Wormley", "Martin Begemann", "Christian Hammer", "Srdjan Djurovic", "Morten Mattingsdal", "Judit Bene", "Ole A. Andreassen", "Anna K. Kähler", "Ingrid Melle", "Esben Agerbo", "Preben Bo Mortensen", "Esben Agerbo", "Preben Bo Mortensen", "Preben Bo Mortensen", "Randy L. Buckner", "Henrik B. Rasmussen", "Ditte Demontis", "Esben Agerbo", "Line Olsen", "Eric Strengman", "Roel A. Ophoff", "Guiqing Cai", "Thomas Folkmann Hansen", "Margot Albus", "Madeline Alexander", "Claudine Laurent" ], "source": "Nature", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "financial shared services China" }, { "title": "Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0b013e318284056a", "year": 2013, "cited_by_count": 7657, "authors": [ "Edward C. Jauch", "Jeffrey L. Saver", "Harold P. Adams", "Askiel Bruno", "John J. Connors", "Bart M. Demaerschalk", "Pooja Khatri", "Paul W. McMullan", "Adnan I. Qureshi", "Kenneth Rosenfield", "Phillip Scott", "Debbie Summers", "David Z. Wang", "Max Wintermark", "Howard Yonas" ], "source": "Stroke", "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The authors present an overview of the current evidence and management recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute ischemic stroke. The intended audiences are prehospital care providers, physicians, allied health professionals, and hospital administrators responsible for the care of acute ischemic stroke patients within the first 48 hours from stroke onset. These guidelines supersede the prior 2007 guidelines and 2009 updates. METHODS: Members of the writing committee were appointed by the American Stroke Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee, representing various areas of medical expertise. Strict adherence to the American Heart Association conflict of interest policy was maintained throughout the consensus process. Panel members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise, reviewed the stroke literature with emphasis on publications since the prior guidelines, and drafted recommendations in accordance with the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Level of Evidence grading algorithm. RESULTS: The goal of these guidelines is to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with stroke. The guidelines support the overarching concept of stroke systems of care and detail aspects of stroke care from patient recognition; emergency medical services activation, transport, and triage; through the initial hours in the emergency department and stroke unit. The guideline discusses early stroke evaluation and general medical care, as well as ischemic stroke, specific interventions such as reperfusion strategies, and general physiological optimization for cerebral resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Because many of the recommendations are based on limited data, additional research on treatment of acute ischemic stroke remains urgently needed.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00444-8", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 7559, "authors": [ "Laith Alzubaidi", "Jinglan Zhang", "Amjad J. Humaidi", "Ayad Q. Al-Dujaili", "Ye Duan", "Omran Al-Shamma", "José Santamaría", "Mohammed A. Fadhel", "Muthana Al‐Amidie", "Laith Farhan" ], "source": "Journal Of Big Data", "abstract": "In the last few years, the deep learning (DL) computing paradigm has been deemed the Gold Standard in the machine learning (ML) community. Moreover, it has gradually become the most widely used computational approach in the field of ML, thus achieving outstanding results on several complex cognitive tasks, matching or even beating those provided by human performance. One of the benefits of DL is the ability to learn massive amounts of data. The DL field has grown fast in the last few years and it has been extensively used to successfully address a wide range of traditional applications. More importantly, DL has outperformed well-known ML techniques in many domains, e.g., cybersecurity, natural language processing, bioinformatics, robotics and control, and medical information processing, among many others. Despite it has been contributed several works reviewing the State-of-the-Art on DL, all of them only tackled one aspect of the DL, which leads to an overall lack of knowledge about it. Therefore, in this contribution, we propose using a more holistic approach in order to provide a more suitable starting point from which to develop a full understanding of DL. Specifically, this review attempts to provide a more comprehensive survey of the most important aspects of DL and including those enhancements recently added to the field. In particular, this paper outlines the importance of DL, presents the types of DL techniques and networks. It then presents convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which the most utilized DL network type and describes the development of CNNs architectures together with their main features, e.g., starting with the AlexNet network and closing with the High-Resolution network (HR.Net). Finally, we further present the challenges and suggested solutions to help researchers understand the existing research gaps. It is followed by a list of the major DL applications. Computational tools including FPGA, GPU, and CPU are summarized along with a description of their influence on DL. The paper ends with the evolution matrix, benchmark datasets, and summary and conclusion.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31678-6", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 7394, "authors": [ "Theo Vos", "Christine A. Allen", "Megha Arora", "Ryan M Barber", "Zulfiqar A Bhutta", "Alexandria Brown", "Austin Carter", "Daniel Casey", "Fiona Charlson", "Alan Z Chen", "Megan Coggeshall", "Leslie Cornaby", "Lalit Dandona", "Daniel Dicker", "Tina Dilegge", "Holly E Erskine", "Alize J Ferrari", "Christina Fitzmaurice", "Tom Fleming", "Mohammad H. Forouzanfar", "Nancy Fullman", "Peter W. Gething", "Ellen M Goldberg", "Nicholas Graetz", "Juanita A. Haagsma", "Simon I Hay", "Catherine O. Johnson", "Nicholas J Kassebaum", "Toana Kawashima", "Laura Kemmer", "Ibrahim A Khalil", "Yohannes Kinfu", "Hmwe Hmwe Kyu", "Janni Leung", "Xiaofeng Liang", "Stephen S Lim", "Alan D López", "Rafael Lozano", "Laurie B. Marczak", "George A. Mensah", "Ali H. Mokdad", "Mohsen Naghavi", "Grant Nguyen", "Elaine O. Nsoesie", "Helen Elizabeth Olsen", "David M. Pigott", "Christine Pinho", "Zane Rankin", "Nikolas Reinig", "Joshua A. Salomon", "Logan Sandar", "A. Gordon Smith", "Jeffrey D Stanaway", "Caitlyn Steiner", "Stephanie Teeple", "Bernadette A Thomas", "Christopher Troeger", "Joseph A. Wagner", "Haidong Wang", "Valentine Wanga", "Harvey Whiteford", "Leo Zoeckler", "Amanuel Alemu Abajobir", "Kalkidan Hassen Abate", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Kaja Abbas", "Foad Abd-Allah", "Biju Abraham", "Ibrahim Abubakar", "Laith J. Abu‐Raddad", "Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Akindele O. Adebiyi", "Zanfina Ademi", "Arsène Kouablan Adou", "Kossivi Agbélénko Afanvi", "Emilie Agardh", "Arnav Agarwal", "Ali Kiadaliri", "Hamid Ahmadieh", "Oluremi N Ajala", "Rufus Akinyemi", "Nadia Akseer", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Khurshid Alam", "Noore Alam", "Saleh Fahed Aldhahri", "Miguel Angel Alegretti", "Zewdie Aderaw Alemu", "Lily Alexander", "Samia Alhabib", "Raghib Ali", "Ala’a Alkerwi", "François Alla", "Peter Allebeck", "Rajaa Al‐Raddadi", "Ubai Alsharif", "Khalid A Altirkawi", "Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán", "Azmeraw T. Amare" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. FINDINGS: We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4-19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30-2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35-2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20-30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. INTERPRETATION: Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440", "year": 2010, "cited_by_count": 7388, "authors": [ "C. J. Vörösmarty", "Peter B. McIntyre", "Mark O. Gessner", "David Dudgeon", "Alexander Prusevich", "Pamela Green", "Stanley Glidden", "Stuart E. Bunn", "Caroline A Sullivan", "Catherine Reidy Liermann", "Peter M. Davies" ], "source": "Nature", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package*", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 7360, "authors": [ "Adrian M. Price-Whelan", "Brigitta Sipőcz", "Hans Moritz Günther", "Pey Lian Lim", "Steven M. Crawford", "Simon Conseil", "D. L. Shupe", "Matthew Craig", "Nadia Dencheva", "Adam Ginsburg", "Jake Vanderplas", "Larry Bradley", "David Pérez–Suárez", "M. de Val-Borro", "(Primary Paper Contributors)", "Thomas L. Aldcroft", "Kelle L. Cruz", "Thomas Robitaille", "Erik Tollerud", "C. Ardelean", "Tomáš Babej", "Yoonsoo P. Bach", "Matteo Bachetti", "A. V. Bakanov", "S. P. Bamford", "Geert Barentsen", "P. Barmby", "A. Baumbach", "Katherine Berry", "Francesco Biscani", "M. Boquien", "K. Azalee Bostroem", "Luke G. Bouma", "Gabriel Brammer", "E. M. Bray", "H. Breytenbach", "Hugo Buddelmeijer", "D. J. Burke", "Giorgio Calderone", "J. L. Cano Rodríguez", "Mihai Cara", "J. V. M. Cardoso", "S. Cheedella", "Y. Copin", "Lía Corrales", "Devin Crichton", "Daniel D’Avella", "Christoph Deil", "É. Depagne", "J. P. Dietrich", "Axel Donath", "Michael Droettboom", "N. Earl", "T. Erben", "S. Fabbro", "L.A. Ferreira", "T. Finethy", "Robert Fox", "Lehman H. Garrison", "S. L. J. Gibbons", "D. A. Goldstein", "Ralf Gommers", "Johnny P. Greco", "P. Greenfield", "Austen Groener", "Frédéric Grollier", "Alex Hagen", "Paul Hirst", "D. Homeier", "A. J. Horton", "G. Hosseinzadeh", "Lei Hu", "Joseph S. Hunkeler", "Željko Ivezić", "Abhishek Jain", "Tim Jenness", "G. Kanarek", "Sarah Kendrew", "Nicholas S. Kern", "Wolfgang Kerzendorf", "A. Khvalko", "James C. King", "D. Kirkby", "A.M. Kulkarni", "Akhil Kumar", "Antony Lee", "Daniel Lenz", "S. P. Littlefair", "Zhiyuan Ma", "D. M. Macleod", "M. Mastropietro", "C. McCully", "S. Montagnac", "Brett M. Morris", "Michael Mueller", "Stuart Mumford", "Demitri Muna", "Nicholas A. Murphy", "Stuart J. Nelson", "Giang Nguyen" ], "source": "The Astronomical Journal", "abstract": "Abstract The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package astropy , which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we provide an overview of the organization of the Astropy project and summarize key features in the core package, as of the recent major release, version 2.0. We then describe the project infrastructure designed to facilitate and support development for a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages. We conclude with a future outlook of planned new features and directions for the broader Astropy Project.", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000041", "year": 2014, "cited_by_count": 7149, "authors": [ "Craig T. January", "L. Samüel Wann", "Joseph S. Alpert", "Hugh Calkins", "Joaquin E. Cigarroa", "Joseph C. Cleveland", "Jamie B. Conti", "Patrick T. Ellinor", "Michael D. Ezekowitz", "Michael E. Field", "Katherine T. Murray", "Ralph L. Sacco", "William G. Stevenson", "Patrick Tchou", "Cynthia M. Tracy", "Clyde W. Yancy" ], "source": "Circulation", "abstract": "work of the writing committee, without commercial support. Writing committee members volunteered their time for this activity. Guidelines are official policy of both the ACC and AHA.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective", "doi": null, "year": 1988, "cited_by_count": 7013, "authors": [ "Donna Haraway" ], "source": "PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)", "abstract": "Academic and activist feminist inquiry has repeatedly tried to come to terms with the question of what we might mean by the curious and inescapable term \"objectivity.\"We have used a lot of toxic ink and trees processed into paper decrying what they have meant and how it hurts us.The imagined \"they\" constitute a kind of invisible conspiracy of masculinist scientists and philosophers replete with grants and laboratories.The imagined \"we\" are the embodied others, who are not allowed not to have a body, a finite point of view, and so an inevitably disqualifying and polluting bias in any discussion of consequence outside our own little circles, where a \"mass\"-subscription journal might reach a few thousand readers composed mostly of science haters.At least, I confess to these paranoid fantasies and academic resentments lurking underneath some convoluted reflections in print under my name in the feminist literature in the history and philosophy of science.We, the feminists in the debates about science and technology, are the Reagan era's \"special-interest groups\" in the rarified realm of epistemology, where traditionally what can count as knowledge is policed by philosophers codifying cognitive canon law.Of course, a special-interest group is, by Reaganoid definition, any collective historical subject that dares to resist the stripped-down atomism of Star Wars, hypermarket, postmodern, media-simulated citizenship.Max Headroom doesn't have a body; therefore, he alone sees everything in the great communicator's empire of the Global Network.No wonder Max gets to have a naive sense of humor and a kind of happily regressive, preoedipal sexuality, a sexuality that", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6", "year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 6776, "authors": [ "Andrew Rhodes", "Laura Evans", "Waleed Alhazzani", "Mitchell M. Levy", "Massimo Antonelli", "Ricard Ferrer", "Anand Kumar", "Jonathan Sevransky", "Charles L. Sprung", "Mark Nunnally", "Bram Rochwerg", "Gordon D. Rubenfeld", "Derek C. Angus", "Djillali Annane", "Richard Beale", "Geoffrey J. Bellinghan", "Gordon R. Bernard", "Jean‐Daniel Chiche", "Craig Coopersmith", "Daniel De Backer", "Craig French", "Seitaro Fujishima", "Herwig Gerlach", "Jorge Hidalgo", "Steven M. Hollenberg", "Alan E. Jones", "Dilip R. Karnad", "Ruth Kleinpell", "Koh Y", "Thiago Lisboa", "Flávia Ribeiro Machado", "John J. Marini", "John C. Marshall", "John E. Mazuski", "Lauralyn McIntyre", "Anthony S. McLean", "Sangeeta Mehta", "Rui P. Moreno", "John Myburgh", "Paolo Navalesi", "Osamu Nishida", "Tiffany M. Osborn", "Anders Perner", "Colleen M. Plunkett", "Marco Ranieri", "Christa Schorr", "Maureen A. Seckel", "Christopher W. Seymour", "Lisa Shieh", "Khalid Shukri", "Steven Q. Simpson", "Mervyn Singer", "Bruce Thompson", "Sean R. Townsend", "T. van der Poll", "Jean‐Louis Vincent", "W. Joost Wiersinga", "Janice L. Zimmerman", "R. Phillip Dellinger" ], "source": "Intensive Care Medicine", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4", "year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 6739, "authors": [ "Elizabeth Williamson", "Alex J Walker", "Krishnan Bhaskaran", "Seb Bacon", "Chris Bates", "Caroline E Morton", "Helen J Curtis", "Amir Mehrkar", "David Evans", "Peter Inglesby", "Jonathan Cockburn", "Helen McDonald", "Brian MacKenna", "Laurie A. Tomlinson", "Ian Douglas", "Christopher T. Rentsch", "Rohini Mathur", "Angel Wong", "Richard Grieve", "David A Harrison", "Harriet Forbes", "Anna Schultze", "Richard Croker", "John Parry", "Frank Hester", "Sam Harper", "Rafael Perera", "Stephen Evans", "Liam Smeeth", "Ben Goldacre" ], "source": "Nature", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00062-8", "year": 2002, "cited_by_count": 6721, "authors": [ "Frank W. Geels" ], "source": "Research Policy", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared services digital transformation" }, { "title": "Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 5138, "authors": [ "Iqbal H. Sarker" ], "source": "SN Computer Science", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00757-8", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 4446, "authors": [ "Masayuki Teramoto", "Damian Santomauro", "Amirali Aali", "Yohannes Abate", "Cristiana Abbafati", "Hedayat Abbastabar", "Samar Abd ElHafeez", "Michael Abdelmasseh", "Sherief Abd‐Elsalam", "Arash Abdollahi", "Auwal Abdullahi", "Kedir Hussein Abegaz", "Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga", "Richard Gyan Aboagye", "Hassan Abolhassani", "Lucas Guimarães Abreu", "Hasan Abualruz", "Eman Abu‐Gharbieh", "Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh", "Ilana N. Ackerman", "Isaac Yeboah Addo", "Giovanni Addolorato", "Akindele O. Adebiyi", "Victor Abiola Adepoju", "Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi", "Shadi Afyouni", "Saira Afzal", "Sina Afzal", "Antonella Agodi", "Aqeel Ahmad", "Danish Ahmad", "Firdos Ahmad", "Shahzaib Ahmad", "Ali Ahmed", "Luai A. Ahmed", "Muktar Beshir Ahmed", "Marjan Ajami", "Karolina Akinosoglou", "Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif", "Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan", "Samer O Alalalmeh", "Ziyad Al‐Aly", "Mohammed ALBashtawy", "Robert W Aldridge", "Meseret Desalegn Alemu", "Megbaru Alemu", "Kefyalew Addis Alene", "Adel Al‐Gheethi", "Maryam Alharrasi", "Robert Kaba Alhassan", "Mohammed Usman Ali", "Rafat Ali", "Syed Shujait Ali", "Sheikh Mohammad Alif", "Syed Mohamed Aljunid", "Sabah Al-Marwani", "Joseph Uy Almazan", "Mahmoud A. Alomari", "Basem Al‐Omari", "Zaid Altaany", "Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán", "Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk", "Hassan Alwafi", "Mohammad Al‐Wardat", "Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi", "Safwat Aly", "Karem H. Alzoubi", "Azmeraw T. Amare", "Prince M. Amegbor", "Edward Kwabena Ameyaw", "Tarek Tawfik Amin", "Alireza Amindarolzarbi", "Sohrab Amiri", "Dickson A Amugsi", "Robert Ancuceanu", "Deanna Anderlini", "David Anderson", "Pedro Prata Andrade", "Cătălina Liliana Andrei", "Hossein Ansari", "Catherine M Antony", "Saleha Anwar", "Sumadi Lukman Anwar", "Razique Anwer", "P.E. Anyanwu", "Juan Pablo Arab", "Jalal Arabloo", "Mosab Arafat", "Daniel T Araki", "Aleksandr Y. Aravkin", "Mesay Arkew", "Benedetta Armocida", "Michael B. Arndt", "Mahwish Arooj", "Anton A Artamonov", "Raphael Taiwo Aruleba", "Ashokan Arumugam", "Charlie Ashbaugh", "Mubarek Yesse Ashemo", "Muhammad Ashraf" ], "source": "The Lancet", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021. INTERPRETATION: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2013", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-s011", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 4427, "authors": [ "" ], "source": "Diabetes Care", "abstract": "Clear evidence from well-conducted, generalizable RCTs that are adequately powered, including: c Evidence from a well-conducted multicenter trial c Evidence from a meta-analysis that incorporated quality ratings in the analysis Compelling nonexperimental evidence, i.e., \"all or none\" rule developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford Supportive evidence from well-conducted RCTs that are adequately powered, including:", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300018993", "year": 1982, "cited_by_count": 4422, "authors": [ "John Gerard Ruggie" ], "source": "International Organization", "abstract": "The prevailing model of international economic regimes is strictly positivistic in its epistemological orientation and stresses the distribution of material power capabilities in its explanatory logic. It is inadequate to account for the current set of international economic regimes and for the differences between past and present regimes. The model elaborated here departs from the prevailing view in two respects, while adhering to it in a third. First, it argues that regimes comprise not simply what actors say and do, but also what they understand and find acceptable within an intersubjective framework of meaning. Second, it argues that in the economic realm such a framework of meaning cannot be deduced from the distribution of material power capabilities, but must be sought in the configuration of state-society relations that is characteristic of the regime-making states. Third, in incorporating these notions into our understanding of the formation and transformation of international economic regimes, the formulation self-consciously strives to remain at the systemic level and to avoid becoming reductionist in attributing cause and effect relations. The article can therefore argue that the prevailing view is deficient on its own terms and must be expanded and modified. Addressing the world of actual international economic regimes, the article argues that the pax Britannica and the pax Americana cannot be equated in any meaningful sense, and that the postwar regimes for money and trade live on notwithstanding premature announcements of their demise.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2121", "year": 2013, "cited_by_count": 4332, "authors": [ "David Autor", "David Dorn", "Gordon Hanson" ], "source": "American Economic Review", "abstract": "We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house import-competing manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets. (JEL E24, F14, F16, J23, J31, L60, O47, R12, R23)", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30386-3", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 3928, "authors": [ "Margaret E. Kruk", "Anna Gage", "Catherine Arsenault", "Keely Jordan", "Hannah H. Leslie", "Sanam Roder‐DeWan", "Olusoji Adeyi", "Pierre Barker", "Bernadette Daelmans", "Svetlana V. Doubova", "Mike English", "Ezequiel García‐Elorrio", "Frederico Guanais", "Oye Gureje", "Lisa R. Hirschhorn", "Lixin Jiang", "Edward Kelley", "Ephrem Tekle Lemango", "Jerker Liljestrand", "Address Malata", "Tanya Marchant", "Malebona Precious Matsoso", "John G. Meara", "Manoj Mohanan", "Youssoupha Ndiaye", "Ole Frithjof Norheim", "K. Srinath Reddy", "Alexander K. Rowe", "Joshua A. Salomon", "Gagan Thapa", "Nana Twum-Danso", "Muhammad Ali Pate" ], "source": "The Lancet Global Health", "abstract": "and respecting all workers to deliver the best care possible. Fourth, governments and civil society should ignite demand for quality in the population to empower people to hold systems accountable and actively seek high-quality care. Additional targeted actions in areas such as health financing, management, district-level learning, and others can complement these efforts. What works in one setting might not work elsewhere, and improvement efforts should be adapted for local context and monitored. Funders should align their support with system-wide strategies rather than contribute to the proliferation of micro-level efforts.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000003299", "year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 3866, "authors": [ "John W. Devlin", "Yoanna Skrobik", "Céline Gélinas", "Dale M. Needham", "Arjen J. C. Slooter", "Pratik P. Pandharipande", "Paula L. Watson", "Gerald L. Weinhouse", "Mark Nunnally", "Bram Rochwerg", "Michele C. Balas", "Mark van den Boogaard", "Karen J. Bosma", "Nathan E. Brummel", "Gérald Chanques", "Linda Denehy", "Xavier Drouot", "Gilles L. Fraser", "Jocelyn E. Harris", "Aaron M. Joffe", "Michelle E. Kho", "John P. Kress", "Julie Lanphere", "Sharon McKinley", "Karin J. Neufeld", "Margaret A. Pisani", "Jean‐François Payen", "Brenda T. Pun", "Kathleen Puntillo", "Richard R. Riker", "Bryce R. H. Robinson", "Yahya Shehabi", "Paul M. Szumita", "Chris Winkelman", "John Centofanti", "Carrie Price", "Sina Nikayin", "Cheryl Misak", "Pamela Flood", "Ken Kiedrowski", "Waleed Alhazzani" ], "source": "Critical Care Medicine", "abstract": "OBJECTIVE: To update and expand the 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the ICU. DESIGN: Thirty-two international experts, four methodologists, and four critical illness survivors met virtually at least monthly. All section groups gathered face-to-face at annual Society of Critical Care Medicine congresses; virtual connections included those unable to attend. A formal conflict of interest policy was developed a priori and enforced throughout the process. Teleconferences and electronic discussions among subgroups and whole panel were part of the guidelines' development. A general content review was completed face-to-face by all panel members in January 2017. METHODS: Content experts, methodologists, and ICU survivors were represented in each of the five sections of the guidelines: Pain, Agitation/sedation, Delirium, Immobility (mobilization/rehabilitation), and Sleep (disruption). Each section created Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, and nonactionable, descriptive questions based on perceived clinical relevance. The guideline group then voted their ranking, and patients prioritized their importance. For each Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome question, sections searched the best available evidence, determined its quality, and formulated recommendations as \"strong,\" \"conditional,\" or \"good\" practice statements based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation principles. In addition, evidence gaps and clinical caveats were explicitly identified. RESULTS: The Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility (mobilization/rehabilitation), and Sleep (disruption) panel issued 37 recommendations (three strong and 34 conditional), two good practice statements, and 32 ungraded, nonactionable statements. Three questions from the patient-centered prioritized question list remained without recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial agreement among a large, interdisciplinary cohort of international experts regarding evidence supporting recommendations, and the remaining literature gaps in the assessment, prevention, and treatment of Pain, Agitation/sedation, Delirium, Immobility (mobilization/rehabilitation), and Sleep (disruption) in critically ill adults. Highlighting this evidence and the research needs will improve Pain, Agitation/sedation, Delirium, Immobility (mobilization/rehabilitation), and Sleep (disruption) management and provide the foundation for improved outcomes and science in this vulnerable population.", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Toward a Theory of International New ventures", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490193", "year": 1994, "cited_by_count": 3860, "authors": [ "Benjamin M. Oviatt", "Patricia P. McDougall" ], "source": "Journal of International Business Studies", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2534454", "year": 1987, "cited_by_count": 3835, "authors": [ "Richard C. Levin", "Alvin K. Klevorick", "Richard R. Nelson", "Sidney G. Winter", "Richard J. Gilbert", "Zvi Griliches" ], "source": "Brookings Papers on Economic Activity", "abstract": "Richard C. Levin, Alvin K. Klevorick, Richard R. Nelson, Sidney G. Winter, Richard Gilbert, Zvi Griliches, Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1987, No. 3, Special Issue On Microeconomics (1987), pp. 783-831", "language": "en", "query": "shared service center multinational" }, { "title": "From Triple to Quadruple Aim: Care of the Patient Requires Care of the Provider", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1713", "year": 2014, "cited_by_count": 3510, "authors": [ "T. Bodenheimer", "Christine A. Sinsky" ], "source": "The Annals of Family Medicine", "abstract": "The Triple Aim-enhancing patient experience, improving population health, and reducing costs-is widely accepted as a compass to optimize health system performance. Yet physicians and other members of the health care workforce report widespread burnout and dissatisfaction. Burnout is associated with lower patient satisfaction, reduced health outcomes, and it may increase costs. Burnout thus imperils the Triple Aim. This article recommends that the Triple Aim be expanded to a Quadruple Aim, adding the goal of improving the work life of health care providers, including clinicians and staff.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Building the Resilient Supply Chain", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090410700275", "year": 2004, "cited_by_count": 3442, "authors": [ "Martin Christopher", "Helen Peck" ], "source": "The International Journal of Logistics Management", "abstract": "In today's uncertain and turbulent markets, supply chain vulnerability has become an issue of significance for many companies. As supply chains become more complex as a result of global sourcing and the continued trend to “leaning‐down”, supply chain risk increases. The challenge to business today is to manage and mitigate that risk through creating more resilient supply chains.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.23", "year": 2000, "cited_by_count": 3234, "authors": [ "Erik Brynjolfsson", "Lorin M. Hitt" ], "source": "The Journal of Economic Perspectives", "abstract": "To understand the economic value of computers, one must broaden the traditional definition of both the technology and its effects. Case studies and firm-level econometric evidence suggest that: 1) organizational “investments” have a large influence on the value of IT investments; and 2) the benefits of IT investment are often intangible and disproportionately difficult to measure. Our analysis suggests that the link between IT and increased productivity emerged well before the recent surge in the aggregate productivity statistics and that the current macroeconomic productivity revival may in part reflect the contributions of intangible capital accumulated in the past.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542", "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 2582, "authors": [ "Yogesh K. Dwivedi", "Laurie Hughes", "Abdullah M. Baabdullah", "Samuel Ribeiro‐Navarrete", "Mihalis Giannakis", "Mutaz M. Al‐Debei", "Denis Dennehy", "Bhimaraya Metri", "Dimitrios Buhalis", "Christy M.K. Cheung", "Kieran Conboy", "Ronan Doyle", "Rameshwar Dubey", "Vincent Dutot", "Reto Felix", "D.P. Goyal", "Anders Gustafsson", "Chris Hinsch", "Ikram Jebabli", "Marijn Janssen", "Young‐Gab Kim", "Joo-Young Kim", "Stefan Koos", "David Kreps", "Nir Kshetri", "Vikram Kumar", "Keng‐Boon Ooi", "Savvas Papagiannidis", "Ilias O. Pappas", "Ariana Polyviou", "Sang‐Min Park", "Neeraj Pandey", "Maciel M. Queiroz", "Ramakrishnan Raman", "Philipp A. Rauschnabel", "Anuragini Shirish", "Μαριάννα Σιγάλα", "Konstantina Spanaki", "Garry Wei‐Han Tan", "Manoj Kumar Tiwari", "Giampaolo Viglia", "Samuel Fosso Wamba" ], "source": "International Journal of Information Management", "abstract": "The metaverse has the potential to extend the physical world using augmented and virtual reality technologies allowing users to seamlessly interact within real and simulated environments using avatars and holograms. Virtual environments and immersive games (such as, Second Life, Fortnite, Roblox and VRChat) have been described as antecedents of the metaverse and offer some insight to the potential socio-economic impact of a fully functional persistent cross platform metaverse. Separating the hype and “meta…” rebranding from current reality is difficult, as “big tech” paints a picture of the transformative nature of the metaverse and how it will positively impact people in their work, leisure, and social interaction. The potential impact on the way we conduct business, interact with brands and others, and develop shared experiences is likely to be transformational as the distinct lines between physical and digital are likely to be somewhat blurred from current perceptions. However, although the technology and infrastructure does not yet exist to allow the development of new immersive virtual worlds at scale - one that our avatars could transcend across platforms, researchers are increasingly examining the transformative impact of the metaverse. Impacted sectors include marketing, education, healthcare as well as societal effects relating to social interaction factors from widespread adoption, and issues relating to trust, privacy, bias, disinformation, application of law as well as psychological aspects linked to addiction and impact on vulnerable people. This study examines these topics in detail by combining the informed narrative and multi-perspective approach from experts with varied disciplinary backgrounds on many aspects of the metaverse and its transformational impact. The paper concludes by proposing a future research agenda that is valuable for researchers, professionals and policy makers alike.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "The productivity paradox of information technology", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1145/163298.163309", "year": 1993, "cited_by_count": 2481, "authors": [ "Erik Brynjolfsson" ], "source": "Communications of the ACM", "abstract": "article Free Access Share on The productivity paradox of information technology Author: Erik Brynjolfsson View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 36Issue 12Dec. 1993pp 66–77https://doi.org/10.1145/163298.163309Published:01 December 1993Publication History 215citation25,352DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations215Total Downloads25,352Last 12 Months2,602Last 6 weeks235 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "New Public Management Is Dead--Long Live Digital-Era Governance", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui057", "year": 2005, "cited_by_count": 2469, "authors": [ "Patrick Dunleavy" ], "source": "Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory", "abstract": "The ''new public management'' (NPM) wave in public sector organizational change was founded on themes of disaggregation, competition, and incentivization. Although its effects are still working through in countries new to NPM, this wave has now largely stalled or been reversed in some key ''leading-edge'' countries. This ebbing chiefly reflects the cumulation of adverse indirect effects on citizens' capacities for solving social problems because NPM has radically increased institutional and policy complexity. The character of the post-NPM regime is currently being formed. We set out the case that a range of connected and information technology-centered changes will be critical for the current and next wave of change, and we focus on themes of reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitization changes. The overall movement incorporating these new shifts is toward ''digital-era governance'' (DEG), which involves reintegrating functions into the governmental sphere, adopting holistic and needs-oriented structures, and progressing digitalization of administrative processes. DEG offers a perhaps unique opportunity to create self-sustaining change, in a broad range of closely connected technological, organizational, cultural, and social effects. But there are alternative scenarios as to how far DEG will be recognized as a coherent phenomenon and implemented successfully.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e3182742c84", "year": 2012, "cited_by_count": 2248, "authors": [ "Patrick T. O’Gara", "Frederick G. Kushner", "Deborah D. Ascheim", "Donald E. Casey", "Mina K. Chung", "James A. de Lemos", "Steven M. Ettinger", "James C. Fang", "Francis M. Fesmire", "Barry A. Franklin", "Christopher B. Granger", "Harlan M. Krumholz", "Jane A. Linderbaum", "David A. Morrow", "L. Kristin Newby", "Joseph P. Ornato", "Narith N. Ou", "Martha J. Radford", "Jacqueline E. Tamis‐Holland", "Jacqueline E. Tommaso", "Cynthia M. Tracy", "Y. Joseph Woo", "David Zhao" ], "source": "Circulation", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "System Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World", "doi": null, "year": 2002, "cited_by_count": 1736, "authors": [ "John D. Sterman" ], "source": "DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)", "abstract": "Todays problems often arise as unintended consequences of yesterdays solutions. Social systems often suffer from policy resistance, the tendency for well-intentioned interventions to be defeated by the response of the system to the intervention itself. The field of system dynamics, created at MIT in the 1950s by Jay Forrester, is designed to help us learn about the structure and dynamics of the complex systems in which we are embedded, design high-leverage policies for sustained improvement, and catalyze successful implementation and change. Drawing on engineering control theory and the modern theory of nonlinear dynamical systems, system dynamics often involves the development of formal models and management flight simulators to capture complex dynamics, and to create an environment for learning and policy design. Unlike pure engineering problems if any exist, human systems present unique challenges, including long time horizons, issues that cross disciplinary boundaries, the need to develop reliable models of human behavior, and the great difficulty of experimental testing. Successful change in social systems also requires the active participation of a wide range of people in the modeling and policy design process, people who often lack technical training. In this paper I discuss requirements for the effective use of system dynamics and illustrate with a successful application to a difficult business issue.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2329018", "year": 1993, "cited_by_count": 1698, "authors": [ "Michael C. Jensen" ], "source": "The Journal of Finance", "abstract": "ABSTRACT Since 1973 technological, political, regulatory, and economic forces have been changing the worldwide economy in a fashion comparable to the changes experienced during the nineteenth century Industrial Revolution. As in the nineteenth century, we are experiencing declining costs, increasing average (but decreasing marginal) productivity of labor, reduced growth rates of labor income, excess capacity, and the requirement for downsizing and exit. The last two decades indicate corporate internal control systems have failed to deal effectively with these changes, especially slow growth and the requirement for exit. The next several decades pose a major challenge for Western firms and political systems as these forces continue to work their way through the worldwide economy.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "A survey on the security of blockchain systems", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.08.020", "year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 1688, "authors": [ "Xiaoqi Li", "Peng Jiang", "Ting Chen", "Xiapu Luo", "Qiaoyan Wen" ], "source": "Future Generation Computer Systems", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "A Systems Approach to Conduct an Effective Literature Review in Support of Information Systems Research", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.28945/479", "year": 2006, "cited_by_count": 1577, "authors": [ "Yair Levy", "Timothy J. Ellis" ], "source": "Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline", "abstract": "An international association advancing the multidisciplinary study of informing systems. Founded in 1998, the Informing Science Institute (ISI) is a global community of academics shaping the future of informing science.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Telephone Call Centers: Tutorial, Review, and Research Prospects", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.5.2.79.16071", "year": 2003, "cited_by_count": 1386, "authors": [ "Noah Gans", "Ger Koole", "Avishai Mandelbaum" ], "source": "Manufacturing & Service Operations Management", "abstract": "Telephone call centers are an integral part of many businesses, and their economic role is significant and growing. They are also fascinating sociotechnical systems in which the behavior of customers and employees is closely intertwined with physical performance measures. In these environments traditional operational models are of great value—and at the same time fundamentally limited—in their ability to characterize system performance. We review the state of research on telephone call centers. We begin with a tutorial on how call centers function and proceed to survey academic research devoted to the management of their operations. We then outline important problems that have not been addressed and identify promising directions for future research.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "A Survey on Digital Twin: Definitions, Characteristics, Applications, and Design Implications", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953499", "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 1356, "authors": [ "Barbara Rita Barricelli", "Elena Casiraghi", "Daniela Fogli" ], "source": "IEEE Access", "abstract": "When, in 1956, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was officially declared a research field, no one would have ever predicted the huge influence and impact its description, prediction, and prescription capabilities were going to have on our daily lives. In parallel to continuous advances in AI, the past decade has seen the spread of broadband and ubiquitous connectivity, (embedded) sensors collecting descriptive high dimensional data, and improvements in big data processing techniques and cloud computing. The joint usage of such technologies has led to the creation of digital twins, artificial intelligent virtual replicas of physical systems. Digital Twin (DT) technology is nowadays being developed and commercialized to optimize several manufacturing and aviation processes, while in the healthcare and medicine fields this technology is still at its early development stage. This paper presents the results of a study focused on the analysis of the state-of-the-art definitions of DT, the investigation of the main characteristics that a DT should possess, and the exploration of the domains in which DT applications are currently being developed. The design implications derived from the study are then presented: they focus on socio-technical design aspects and DT lifecycle. Open issues and challenges that require to be addressed in the future are finally discussed.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "The Anatomy of a Design Theory", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00129", "year": 2007, "cited_by_count": 1340, "authors": [ "David Jones", "Shirley Gregor" ], "source": "Journal of the Association for Information Systems", "abstract": "Design work and design knowledge in Information Systems (IS) is important for both research and practice. Yet there has been comparatively little critical attention paid to the problem of specifying design theory so that it can be communicated, justified, and developed cumulatively. In this essay we focus on the structural components or anatomy of design theories in IS as a special class of theory. In doing so, we aim to extend the work of Walls, Widemeyer and El Sawy (1992) on the specification of information systems design theories (ISDT), drawing on other streams of thought on design research and theory to provide a basis for a more systematic and useable formulation of these theories. We identify eight separate components of design theories: (1) purpose and scope, (2) constructs, (3) principles of form and function, (4) artifact mutability, (5) testable propositions, (6) justificatory knowledge (kernel theories), (7) principles of implementation, and (8) an expository instantiation. This specification includes components missing in the Walls et al. adaptation of Dubin (1978) and Simon (1969) and also addresses explicitly problems associated with the role of instantiations and the specification of design theories for methodologies and interventions as well as for products and applications. The essay is significant as the unambiguous establishment of design knowledge as theory gives a sounder base for arguments for the rigor and legitimacy of IS as an applied discipline and for its continuing progress. A craft can proceed with the copying of one example of a design artifact by one artisan after another. A discipline cannot.", "language": "en", "query": "business process reengineering shared services" }, { "title": "Introduction—Stories of the old world: The Narrative Policy Framework in the European context", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1128", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 21, "authors": [ "Bettina Stauffer", "Johanna Kuenzler" ], "source": "European Policy Analysis", "abstract": "Since their evolution, people around the world communicate stories—or narratives; be it ancient customs carried from one generation to the next concerning most diverse subjects such as Christmas, carnival, or agricultural traditions like cattle drive to and from the alpine pastures; be it today's international debates on climate change where for instance Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro tells the story of “practically untouched” Amazon rain forests1 compared to the climate activist Greta Thunberg who angrily speaks about collapsing ecosystems and “the beginning of a mass extinction”2; or be it Jeff Bezos, former Amazon CEO, who banned PowerPoint presentations and instead relied on self-written memos that present the issue to be discussed and decided upon in the form of a story.3 In short, narratives are and have always been on everyone's lips. From a neurologic perspective, this is not at all surprising, because narratives are a common form of information processing and communication for humans’ limited cognitive capacities (Berinsky & Kinder, 2006). Stories impose order on a complex and chaotic environment by bundling attention and emotion to certain facets while fading others. In policy analysis, the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) embraces the analysis of narratives and their impact on the policy process. Like many policy process theories, this framework originates from the United States, where a plethora of studies applying the NPF have been conducted (see e.g., Gottlieb et al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2018; Jones, 2014; McBeth et al., 2012; Merry, 2019; Shanahan et al., 2013). This special issue demonstrates that there is also an active NPF research community outside the United States that is using and advancing the framework in significant and multifaceted ways. In the following, the special issue presents a diverse bouquet of NPF applications from Europe. It, thereby, also pays tribute to the NPF's versatility in application, from agenda setting to policy implementation, and in a wide variety of institutional and geographic settings. The goal of this special issue fits well with European Policy Analysis (EPA), which aims to present the European perspective on policy analysis and to test mainstream approaches in the European context. Previous EPA contributions or themed issues thus focused for instance on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (Nohrstedt & Olofsson, 2016), the Multiple Streams Framework (Deruelle, 2016; Leeuw et al., 2016; Sager & Thomann, 2017; Zohlnhöfer et al., 2015), or the Programmatic Action Framework (Bandelow & Hornung, 2021). The NPF is now the next to follow in this tradition. The NPF developed in the 1990s from work by Elizabeth Shanahan, Marc McBeth, and Michael Jones. It was first named and published in 2010 (Jones & McBeth, 2010). The framework assumes the central role of narratives in human communication and cognition, which consequently also exert a significant influence on policy actors and policy processes. In addition to this basic assumption, the NPF is based on four others (Shanahan et al., 2017, 178–79; Shanahan et al., 2018, 334): First, political reality is socially constructed. Second, social constructions of political realities, while variable, are not random but depend on factors such as values, norms, and beliefs (bounded relativity). Third, policy narratives are characterized by specific, generalizable structures (structuralist view). Fourth, policy narratives operate at three interacting levels of analysis, micro (individual), meso (group), and macro (institutions and culture). According to the NPF, a policy narrative consists of several components, which can be quantified and compared in a standardized manner: On the one hand, a narrative has a specific structure (or narrative form; Shanahan et al., 2017, 175–76). This includes the setting, which describes the context and the problem, the moral, which shows the solution, the plot, which organizes the action and finally different characters. The most used characters in NPF studies are the villain who causes a problem, the victim who suffers from it and the hero who solves the problem. On the other hand, a narrative has specific content, which varies depending on the context and the policy issue. To capture this, the NPF uses the concept of policy beliefs and three so-called narrative strategies. First, narratives can be used to enlarge or reduce the scope of conflict. Second, policy actors can use their narratives to portray opponents as evil and themselves as heroes (devil–angel shift). Third, narratives can be strategically constructed to establish causal links between a policy problem and its cause, thereby assigning responsibility or blame (causal mechanisms; Shanahan et al., 2017, 177–78). Despite the fact that the NPF has become an acknowledged policy process theory that features numerous theoretical and empirical applications, its potential remains far from being exploited (see e.g., Shanahan et al., 2017, 198–202). The European NPF community can contribute to this in a meaningful way by broadening the narrative research perspective. For instance, in addition to different historically grown cultures, institutions, societal beliefs, and values, European countries differ from the United States in having other political systems and forms of government such as multi-party systems, direct democracy but also authoritarian regimes. Furthermore, transnational institutionalized forms of co-operation such as the European Union (EU), which not only need to function across nations but also across linguistic and cultural borders, play a prominent role in Europe. To date, these perspectives have been barely incorporated into existing NPF research. The special issue at hand aimed to change this by providing a first platform to European NPF scholars, deriving avenues for future research from their contributions, and ultimately by bringing the two research communities closer together. The seven contributions in this special issue tap into the NPF’s potential by expanding it not only geographically and thematically but also conceptually. Table 1 provides an overview of the contributions. In the following, we discuss their findings in more detail and derive avenues for future NPF research. Four articles in this special issue focus on the further development of NPF components. Kuhlmann and Blum are concerned with the conceptualization of an important element of narratives that so far has received little attention compared to characters or strategies: plots. They refine the concept by saying that plots each have a universal and a policy-specific element; while the former element bases on Stone’s (2012) widely used plot types, the latter builds upon Lowi's well-known distinction between regulative, distributive, and redistributive policies. This new conceptualization gives rise to a typology, which, in turn, may be used for hypotheses within the NPF. Their empirical analysis examines the occurrence of different plot types in tweets from the German government during the first COVID-19 wave. Schlaufer et al. argue that despite the underlying importance of the policy problem within the NPF, a consistent approach of how to study this element is lacking. The authors indicate how this gap could be closed conceptually and suggest that the policy problem should be treated as a separate NPF component. In their contribution, they explore how problem definition in terms of complexity is strategically used in narratives to expand or contain a policy conflict in the context of Moscow's waste management. Thereby, they simultaneously demonstrate the NPF’s transferability to a non-democratic context. Vogeler et al. examine policies that are not in the center of public attention—unlike most NPF studies, which focus on highly politicized debates—and show the dominant role of the beneficiary character in such a context. They investigate two policy debates on new agri-food technologies in the European Parliament and convincingly argue that “(u)sing beneficiaries as part of a narrative strategy (…) is plausible in the context of policies that are negotiated among experts and largely without a public” (p. 340). Tosun and Schaub are concerned with the use of evidence as a potential new NPF strategy. In investigating the narrative construction of European Citizen Initiatives (ECI)—which have to be able to mobilize across countries, languages, and cultures—the authors show that evidence is strategically used by ECI initiators to expand the scope of conflict, that is, to underline the policy problem, to push their own solution, or to undermine the opposing solution. They also rely upon the devil-shift strategy to convince their audiences. Three articles combine the NPF with additional theories and frameworks. Dunlop et al., start this endeavor with an innovative combination of the NPF and the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT); two frameworks that at first sight seem very different, but which—as the authors convincingly argue—have a common core and advance the NPF by “uncovering not only the stories policy actors tell but also what these stories mean in terms of institutional statements” (p. 365). The authors provide a demonstration of their combined approach by analyzing the four cases of EU, Malta, Finland, and Ireland regarding their guidelines for consultation processes during policy formulation. The IGT enriches the NPF by complementing findings on actors’ communication with information on their actions. Conversely, the NPF broadens results from the IGT by highlighting the moral and normative aspects of institutional grammar elements and by teasing out different narration styles found in official documents. Gjerstad and Fløttum present a combination of the NPF with a linguistic approach. Based on a Norwegian survey, the study analyzes what story citizens tell about whether they are willing to change their way of life to contribute to solutions against climate change. The survey answers are analyzed according to several linguistic concepts and mechanisms—capturing the narrative text sequence, the use of negation or polyphony, that is, multivoicedness—combined with the use of NPF characters. The results show that Norwegians simultaneously depict themselves as part of a collective that mostly plays a villain role, but also as heroic individuals. Furthermore, thanks to the analysis of polyphony, this linguistic NPF analysis not only allows to unravel the dominant narratives in a policy debate, but also “traces of the conflict characterizing the issue at a societal (thus macro-) level” (p. 402). In addition with their survey data, they are the only authors in this special issue conducting a microlevel NPF analysis, while all others investigate narratives at the mesolevel. Kuenzler suggests linking the NPF with research on the reputation of public organizations, an increasingly popular field of theory development in public administration research. By capturing the narratives circulating in the public about an organization, the NPF proves to be a fruitful approach to draw conclusions about an organization's reputation, as well as about developments over time. Empirically, the author analyzes the case of the Swiss Child and Adult Protection Agencies, a young agency type that experienced the \"reputational worst-case scenario\" p.408 and is nowadays known as \"Switzerland's most-hated authority\" (p. 408). The analysis reveals power shifts between the agencies and their target groups, and it allows for an in-depth look at specific criticisms that have been expressed about the agencies over time. For example, the narrative analysis shows how the target groups of the child and adult protection policy underwent changes from problem-causing villains to victims and even heroes, thereby demonstrating that the implementing agencies’ legitimacy was increasingly questioned over time. Besides advancing the NPF on a conceptual level, this special issue also demonstrates the framework's thematic and geographic versatility. While the thematic breadth has increased somewhat in recent years, since its inception the NPF’s focus has mostly been on environmental policy (Jones, 2018). Contributions in this special issue focus instead on topics as varied as COVID-19, waste management, agri-food technologies, climate change lifestyles, consultation procedures, and child and adult protection policy. In terms of geography, the following countries are represented: Finland, Germany, Ireland, Malta, Norway, Russia, and Switzerland. In addition, research on the institutional level of the EU is included. Inspired by the findings of the contributions in this special issue, we would like to share some concluding thoughts on avenues for future NPF research. First, the NPF’s components are at the heart of the framework. Their application and testing in as many policy contexts as possible, as well as their continuous further development, is key for the significance of the NPF as an established policy process theory. In this regard, we consider it promising to test further the plot typology developed by Kuhlmann and Blum, which “show(s) how, for regulatory, distributive, and redistributive types of policies, plots link policy-specific themes with universal themes in clearly distinguishable ways” (p. 295) and their newly formulated NPF hypothesis stating that “(g)roups and individuals employ plots to link policy-specific narrative elements and universal narrative elements” (p. 295). We also consider it promising to test the conceptualization of the policy problem along the notion of complexity as suggested by Schlaufer et al., the role of beneficiaries in more and less politicized debates as investigated by Vogeler et al., and the use of evidence as a potentially separate narrative strategy (Tosun and Schaub). Second, the NPF can be fruitfully linked to other theoretical approaches. In the past, this has for instance been done successfully with the Multiple Streams Framework (Ceccoli, 2019; McBeth & Lybecker, 2018). In this special issue, Gjerstad and Fløttum, Dunlop et al., and Kuenzler demonstrate the framework's versatility again by combining the NPF with approaches from linguistics, political science, and public administration. Such combinations—which of course have to be chosen with care and adapted if deemed necessary—on the one hand allow a deeper understanding of the research subject and on the other hand strengthen the NPF itself by refining or even complementing its components and hypotheses. Third, Vogeler et al. suggest that narrative use in more or less politicized debates may differ distinctly. Systematic comparative analysis of narratives in different types of policy processes—be they more technical, apolitical, or consensual versus highly contested and politicized—is, therefore, another promising approach for further advancing the NPF. Fourth, Schlaufer et al. begin to explore a potential avenue for further research on the use of narratives and the applicability of the NPF in non-democratic contexts. Their results show that similar mechanisms are at work compared to democratic settings—although the institutional features, limiting or enhancing participation and influence of various policy actor groups, obviously differ widely. To broaden the applicability of the NPF and learn more about policy actors’ use of narratives in different political contexts, additional research from Russia and from other non-democratic countries is needed. Fifth, we would like to mention a few aspects with a more specific regard to European policy issues. Tosun and Schaub show how narratives in the EU have to operate across countries, languages and cultures to make a difference. This multidimensionality may be a European specificity. However, we think that future research on this issue would also be an added value for large regions such as for instance Middle and South America or Asia. In a similar vein, with the European Parliament, Vogeler et al. focus on a venue where these different dimensions come together, and narratives have to convince in direct confrontations. This confluence of countries, languages and cultures is exciting, and the direct contrast or interaction could also give new insights into the macrolevel characteristics of narratives, an issue that is so far under-researched. Other multinational institutions and organizations such as the United Nations, the NATO, or Mercosur might be further interesting venues to investigate such inter-cultural dynamics. Sixth, Schlaufer et al. and Kuenzler shed light on another fascinating area: The role of narratives in policy implementation. Research on this stage of the policy cycle (Cairney, 2012) is generally scarce within the NPF, with a few notable exceptions (see e.g., Boscarino, 2020; O’Donovan, 2018). During implementation, a policy takes proper shape. Ideas, expectations, and interests of many different actors, such as street-level bureaucrats or interests groups representing target populations, come together. The program is refined and implementation structures are formed (see e.g., Lipsky, 2010; Pülzl & Treib, 2007)—in short, the policy process continues during implementation. Therefore, we see no reason to assume that narratives should not play an equally influential role in shaping a policy in this stage. Still, a systematic and broadly applied approach in conducting implementation NPF analyses is far from being established and would clearly contribute to advancing the whole framework. Finally, Dunlop et al. are the only authors in this special issue to conduct a comparative case study that includes multiple nations. Following this direction, we could imagine some promising further studies, such as comparative NPF research combining cases from the United States or Europe with African or Central-Asian cases. Such studies would enable us to learn more about cultural, institutional, or societal effects on the creation and impact of policy narratives. Furthermore, they would contribute to the goal we mentioned earlier, that is, to bring NPF research across the oceans closer together. This is a goal we consider absolutely worth striving for—especially when we consider how narratives affect us all and are to be found in every human activity around the globe, independent of the geographic region where we live, the policy issue that is at stake, or the values and beliefs we hold. We are all storytelling human beings, or in NPF’s terminology homini narrantes. 自人类进化起, 全球人民便传播故事—或叙事; 无论是一代传给下一代的古老习俗, 例如圣诞节、狂欢节或农业传统 (从高山牧场来回赶牛) 等不同主题; 或是当下关于气候变化的国际辩论, (Berinsky & Kinder, (NPF) et al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2018; Jones, 2014; McBeth et al., 2012; Merry, 2019; Shanahan et al., (Nohrstedt & Olofsson, (Deruelle, 2016; Leeuw et al., 2016; Sager & Thomann, 2017; Zohlnhöfer et al., (Bandelow & Hornung, Elizabeth (Jones & McBeth, (Shanahan et al., 2017, 178–79; Shanahan et al., 2018, 334): (Shanahan et al., 2017, of (Shanahan et al., 2017, Shanahan et al., 2017, (EU), (2012) Tosun Gjerstad Gjerstad (Ceccoli, 2019; McBeth & Lybecker, Gjerstad 2020; O’Donovan, 2010; Pülzl & Treib, We would like to first and the for their which has in this diverse and innovative issue. thanks also to the numerous have been in the contributions. Finally, we would like to the EPA and for the to this special issue and for their continuous in its", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "社会治理共同体构建中融媒体的协同机制创新", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.61369/se.12071", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 15, "authors": [ "歆涛 凌" ], "source": "Society and Economy", "abstract": "在数字化治理转型与共建共治共享理念深化的背景下，融媒体技术通过重构信息传播、资源整合与多元参与机制，成为社会治理共同体构建的核心驱动力量。本文基于党的十九届五中全会提出的&ldquo;社会治理共同体&rdquo;建设目标，结合上海宝山&ldquo;社区通&rdquo;、广州黄埔&ldquo;融媒加速器&rdquo;等实践案例，系统剖析融媒体协同机制的功能定位、现实困境与创新路径。研究发现：融媒体通过全媒体传播矩阵打破信息孤岛，借助技术接口拓展多元参与渠道，推动&ldquo;指尖问政&rdquo;与民生服务的闭环治理；然而，当前仍面临主体协作碎片化、技术适配失衡、用户参与惰性固化等挑战。创新路径需构建&ldquo;需求感知&mdash; 资源调度&mdash; 服务供给&rdquo;的全链条协同平台，并通过纵向贯通与横向联动的跨域网络提升治理效能。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "From Buzzword to Biz World: R ealizing B lockchain’s P otential in the I nternational B usiness C ontext", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256231202266", "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 12, "authors": [ "Du Juan", "Bo Bernhard Nielsen", "Catherine Welch" ], "source": "California Management Review", "abstract": "Initially making its name as the backbone technology of Bitcoin, blockchain has been referred to as a distributed ledger, public database, Internet of value, digital infrastructure, network, and platform. Compared with fluctuating cryptocurrency and non-fungible token (NFT) markets, applications of blockchain technology in more diverse business scenarios have received less attention. By analyzing 16 international business use cases under eight categories of blockchain-based solutions, this article offers a contextualized understanding of the potential for blockchain to become a general-purpose technology (GPT). It discusses how the extensiveness, evolvability, and enabling (3Es) aspects of blockchain influence the value, vision, and viability (3Vs) required for successful real-world applications. The article discusses how firms can draw on lessons from failed cases and good practices of existing cases to enhance the 3Vs for blockchain adoption.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Foreign Investment, State Capitalism, and National Development in Borneo: Rethinking Brunei–China Economic Relations", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034231186441", "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 9, "authors": [ "Guanie Lim", "Chang Yau Hoon", "Kaili Zhao" ], "source": "Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs", "abstract": "Faced with dwindling oil and gas reserves, Brunei has been hard-pressed to diversify its reliance on hydrocarbon. China has emerged as an attractive prospect to the Brunei government, especially since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative. This article analyses a few major Chinese projects in Brunei and postulates three interrelated arguments. Firstly, Chinese investors have targeted Brunei's natural resources and fiscal incentives. These firms have minimal interest in the Sultanate's small domestic market as they eye the export sector. Secondly, these projects have been orchestrated by China's provincially-owned state-owned enterprises (SOE) and private firms, instead of centrally- controlled SOEs. State support has generally been channelled to these projects in an at-arm's length manner. Thirdly, while Brunei is relatively skilled in attracting Chinese investors to further its own political economic goals, at least in the short-run, it is uncertain whether such capital exports have helped in ameliorating the structural limits of the country’s economy.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "集团企业财务共享中心现状分析及建议", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v3i4.2069", "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 6, "authors": [ "波 杨" ], "source": "财经与管理", "abstract": "随着中国社会主义市场经济的发展和进步，新的经济形态和财务管理模式涌现出来，财务共享服务中心就是其中之一，这种模式也是当前很多集团企业推动自身发展的重要方法之一。但是这种模式在进行建构时还存在一些问题，主要为业务模式和流程复杂、无法实现标准化、财务与业务脱节、财务分析工作受限等。面对这些问题可以采取以下措施：科学确定纳入共享服务范围 ; 统一财务制度，规范核算流程等，只有这样才能有效降低集团企业的运营成本，提高工作效率，从而保证集团企业能够稳定和持续的发展。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 成本效率" }, { "title": "来源国劣势：新兴经济体跨国企业国际化“出身劣势”——文献评述与整合框架构建", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.16538/j.cnki.fem.20190620.006", "year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 5, "authors": [ "杨勃", "Juan Liu" ], "source": "Waiguo jingji yu guanli", "abstract": "来源国劣势是近年来国际商务领域涌现出的新构念，是指跨国企业的“来源国/母国”对企业国际化产生的负面影响，进而导致跨国企业在东道国处于竞争劣势地位。来源国劣势适合解释新兴经济体跨国企业在发达国家面临的独特挑战，也是导致企业逆向国际化低绩效、高失败率的重要因素。基于此，本文对来源国劣势的内涵、构成、形成机制、克服策略以及对新兴经济体跨国企业国际化战略的影响进行系统梳理，在此基础上构建来源国劣势研究的整合性分析框架。对来源国劣势现象进行系统阐释不仅有助于学术界更深入理解新兴经济体跨国企业国际化面临的独特劣势，也对中国企业在“一带一路”倡议和“逆全球化”双重叠加背景下更好地识别和应对国际化经营风险、提升东道国合法性与全球竞争力具有启示意义。", "language": "zh", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "面向灾害应急响应的地质灾害链知识图谱构建方法", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2022.313", "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 5, "authors": [ "Qinjun Qiu", "Liang Wu", "Kai Ma", "Zhong Xie", "Liufeng Tao" ], "source": "Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences", "abstract": "Knowledge graph is a knowledge system that formally describes entities and their interrelationships, and it plays an important role in emergency disaster relief and spatio-temporal prediction and decision making.In order to obtain geological hazard information implied in multi-source heterogeneous texts and investigate the impact caused by disasters, in this paper it analyzes 基金项目：", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "Chinese standards from the ground up", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203x241248412", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 4, "authors": [ "Miriam Driessen", "Ruiyi Zhu" ], "source": "China Information", "abstract": "China’s transformation from a standards-taker to a standards-maker has sent a shock wave through the global economy. While Chinese standardization is conventionally perceived and analysed as a top–down process, led by the central government and the Standardization Administration of China, this article demonstrates the merits of studying standards from the ground up. Sustained engagement with those who make, adopt, reject, and recalibrate standards reveals, first, the human face of standardization. Standards depend on people to be their advocates. The effectiveness of their implementation and the scope of their acceptance rely on practitioners who imbue standards with value and promote them within and across national borders. Furthermore, a bottom–up approach sheds light on the hierarchical nature of standards, the processes of inclusion and exclusion, and the dynamics of elevation and marginalization that hierarchies generate. Finally, it prompts us to look beyond de jure standards. As a producer of cheap commodities for developing countries, China has long been a maker of informal, or de facto, standards that grow out of repeat transactions and mutual agreements among actors along these value chains. Only by considering the human, hierarchical, and informal dimensions of standardization can we fully understand China’s rise as a global standards power.", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "“互联网 +”背景下企业跨境零售物流渠道选择与发展情况分析", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v4i5.4273", "year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 4, "authors": [ "文昕 曹", "文屹 曹", "伟伟 齐" ], "source": "财经与管理", "abstract": "在经济全球化与“互联网 +”的时代背景下，国际贸易、电商行业、物流行业不断飞速发展，跨境电商已成为中国经济发展的重要收入来源。不同的物流渠道在时效、价格、保险、服务等多方面拥有较大差异，针对不同企业选择不同的物流渠道会对企业未来发展带来巨大影响。", "language": "zh", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "数字化转型背景下财务共享服务中心的绩效评价与经济效益研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.33142/mem.v6i2.16135", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 4, "authors": [ "晓东 陈" ], "source": "现代经济管理", "abstract": "随着数字化转型的推进，财务共享服务中心（FSSC）逐渐成为提升企业财务管理效率、降低成本的重要手段。聚焦于数字化转型的背景下，财务共享服务中心的绩效评价及其对经济效益的影响，对传统财务管理模式的弊端及数字化转型的优势进行分析，审视了怎样在数字化场景下对财务共享服务中心进行科学、全面的绩效评定，并且通过绩效评价的优化提高企业的经济效益。首先梳理了财务共享服务中心的基础概念与发展进程，接着提出了绩效审查的关键指标，同时以实际案例分析了数字化转型阶段里，财务共享服务中心对企业经济效益的促进作用。研究结果证实，数字化转型能有效增进财务共享服务中心工作效率，改善财务数据的准确性，并在优化成本、提高决策支持方面发挥重要作用。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "Is Scarcity Always Beneficial? Effects of Persuasive Cue Types in User-Generated Advertisements (UGAs) on Travelers’ Destination Interest", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875251318315", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 3, "authors": [ "Ziqi Guo", "Lilei Wang", "Doğan Gürsoy", "Xing’an Xu" ], "source": "Journal of Travel Research", "abstract": "摘要 用户生成广告现已成为旅游消费者搜索目的地信息的重要渠道，如何充分利用这一商业趋势以发挥其积极作用，已成为亟待解决的问题。本文基于最少努力原则和个性化营销视角，将说服性线索引入到旅游用户生成广告领域，研究目的地用户生成广告说服性线索与消费者自恋对出游兴趣的影响，从而为细分市场及提升广告的营销效果提供策略支持。该研究通过设计三个情景实验进行实证检验，结果显示：带有稀缺性线索的用户生成广告能够激发高自恋消费者更积极的反应，而包含社会证明线索的用户生成广告对低自恋消费者的说服效果更为显著。此外，本研究引入目标框架作为另一种信息表达方式，系统探讨说服性线索、自恋与目标框架三者在影响潜在旅游消费者信息加工流畅性和出游兴趣方面的交互作用。本研究证实了消费者个体差异在旅游目的地营销中的重要作用，不仅为目的地用户生成广告的设计与呈现提供新的视角，也为个性化营销策略的制定提供宝贵见解。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Water diplomacy: More than a drop of wisdom", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12237", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 3, "authors": [ "Susana Neto", "Jeff Camkin" ], "source": "World Water Policy", "abstract": "Over half of the global population lives in countries sharing transboundary rivers, lakes or aquifers, making transboundary management essential for ensuring the rights to water and sanitation. Power asymmetries, inadequate and irresponsible application of the principle of national sovereignty, the growing impacts of climate change and the limitations of international law make it difficult to develop transboundary agreements that allow for sustainable and equitable management of transboundary waters, generating serious risks to the human security of hundreds of millions of people, producing mass migrations and serious risks of destabilization in entire regions. Addressing these challenges requires changing from traditional approaches of managing water as a resource to ecosystem and human rights approaches at a basin level. It also implies respecting principles of equity, reciprocity and sustainability promoted by international water and human rights legislation. This also means prioritizing the needs of current and future populations, guaranteeing participation of the most vulnerable populations in their capacity as rights-holders, and promoting cross-border public participation in the negotiation and development of agreements and institutions at the basin level (Ibid). In this context, “Water Diplomacy” is an emerging concept relevant to addressing the political nature of transboundary cooperation and to link water with broader regional cooperation, geopolitics, and foreign policy (Keskinen et al., 2021). Water security is also an important issue in any conflict zone, and so its importance has rapidly increased in the Middle East along with other regions of the world. The challenges for safe access to water have become even more critical and complex. When we decided to launch a Special Issue on Water Diplomacy and Water Security, less than one year ago, the world was a somewhat more peaceful place than today, although as we noted earlier this year, the world had changed dramatically in the decade since we started this Journal (Neto & Camkin, 2024). Related to water security, the concept of basic water requirements to meet fundamental human needs was first established at the 1977 United Nations Water Conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina. This approach was followed up in Agenda 21 and adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. In November 2002, in general comment No. 15, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights defined “the right to water as the right of everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses”). Since then, the international community has increasingly recognized that access to safe drinking water and sanitation must be considered within a human rights framework, and in 2008, the Human Rights Council created the mandate of the “independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation” to help clarify the scope and content of these obligations\" (UN HCHR, 2010). The Human Right to Water and Sanitation (HRWS), established in General Assembly Resolution 64/292 on 28 July 2010, outlining the general responsibility of a State to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all, was formally recognized by 122 countries on that date (UN, 2010). Water is universally accepted as a fundamental resource for survival, and its protection under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is also crucial during armed conflicts. This can be observed in today's armed conflicts, where high levels of destruction are caused and civilian populations struggle to survive without safe water supply, on top of other critical needs, such as food, energy, and medical care. Under IHL, water installations, drinking water supplies, and irrigation works are protected and likely to be categorized as “objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population.” Water security in armed conflict is a vital aspect of humanitarian protection under IHL (WD, 2024). SIWI (2018) defined water diplomacy as follows: “Water diplomacy includes all measures by state and non-state actors that can be undertaken to prevent or peacefully resolve (emerging) conflicts and facilitate cooperation related to water availability, allocation or use between and within states and public and private stakeholders.” Water diplomacy may, furthermore, connect sustainability and security if it succeeds in preventing and mitigating water-related tensions with the help of cooperative mechanisms and water- and diplomacy-related actions. Water diplomacy—both as a concept and as practical approach—can facilitate the link between sustainability and security (Keskinen et al., 2021). The willingness for cooperation is a key factor, but unfortunately, it is usually the most absent driver. Within the international security agenda, water and related resources such as energy and food are gaining increasing attention; however, the reality of water diplomacy can be “messy, multifaceted, dynamic and context-dependent, and efforts to conceptualize and define it inevitably miss some viewpoints” (Ibid). The actors engaged in water diplomacy are diverse, and existing or potential conflict between countries does not necessarily warrant (water) diplomacy. The linkage of water diplomacy and water cooperation can also be seen as reciprocal: cooperation is required for meaningful water diplomacy, and political actions are required to facilitate cooperation (Ibid). On the other hand, water diplomacy may play an increasingly important role in preventing, mitigating and resolving current and future water conflicts. Practice shows that “water-related conflict prevention and resolution is largely the outcome of processes of research and fact finding, negotiation, mediation and conciliation that are rooted in an in-depth understanding of the social/cultural/ economic/environmental conditions and the political context” (SIWI, 2018). Although conceptually water diplomacy is defined differently by various academics and organizations, there is a common understanding of the importance of linking multiple dimensions and stakeholders' interests in the cooperation process (Ibid). The diplomacy of water, and the pursuit of water security, demands a sound framework of assessment and comprehensive understanding of the water systems and dimensions (environmental, social, ethical, economic, institutional). On September 13, 2024, the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres announced the appointment of H.E. Retno L.P. Marsudi of the Republic of Indonesia as his Special Envoy on Water. The appointment of the Special Envoy was highly anticipated and is seen as the establishment of an ambassador who can serve as a champion and high-level advocate on water and sanitation issues. The appointment is expected to raise the profile of water on the political agenda within and outside the United Nations, facilitating the convening of stakeholders, strengthening the work of the United Nations system on water, and mobilizing action and financial resources to address global water management issues (WD, 2024). This edition of the WWP Journal includes five Guest Editorials along with 12 research articles and discussion papers on water diplomacy, water security and related topics. Within his role of Associate Editor for this issue, Milad Jafari provides the first Guest Editorial on Water security, the construct of past and future, where he elaborates on the conceptual framework of Water Diplomacy within broader complexities and presents the major framework of challenges of Water Diplomacy in the Middle East region, and worldwide. The second Guest Editorial is by Tobias Schmitz from ‘The Water Diplomat’ and is focused on Water Diplomacy in the pursuit of Water Security: A Multilevel Approach. Tobias raises the increasing variety of threats to water security being researched, and links these with the need to implement more effective forms of water governance, arguing that water security may be seen as the aim of water governance. An example is presented—the IUCN's BRIDGE programme—which has developed a flexible and modular approach to support for water diplomacy and governance, across different institutional boundaries, in the pursuit of greater water security. The third Guest Editorial is by Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, Professor of Economic Analysis at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation. Prof Arrojo-Agudo's contribution develops around Water as an Argument for Peace and Cooperation in Transboundary Basins. He discusses the need to develop new ecosystem approaches, based on human rights, at the basin scale, arguing that those approaches allow us to move from competition to shared responsibility for the sustainable management of ecosystems and management of climate change risks for the benefit of all, ensuring the human rights and basic needs of all basin inhabitants. The Guest Editorial also presents a set of recommendations both at the European level and from a global perspective. David Smith and Gaetano Casale from Water Europe were also invited to prepare a Guest Editorial on Achieving water security through a multi-stakeholder networked approach: the case of ‘Water Beyond Europe’. The authors discuss how multistakeholder collaboration at various scales can help achieve water security, and its many complex facets. The Guest Editorial also presents how their organization contributes to maintaining, strengthening, and upscaling partnerships that are crucial towards a more sustainable and water secure future. Dr Khin Ni-Ni Thein, Chair of the Myanmar Water Academy, authored our fifth Guest Editorial with a focus on Navigating Water Policy Implementation in Myanmar. Dr. Ni-Ni calls attention to the significant drawback to water policy implementation in her country due to the lack of social coherence and the pervasive mistrust among grassroots communities and between the people and authorities. The Guest Editorial advocates a people-centered, inclusive, and adaptable approach as being essential for drafting a water policy in a diverse federal country and leaving no one behind. This Special Issue also brings a broad representation of views on Water Diplomacy and Water Security from different contexts around the world. In Dams in Intrastate Conflict: A Political Method of Ethnic Stratification, Alex Bezahler has elucidated the distinct circumstances surrounding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in Ethiopia and the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey, both of which pose perils to the ethnic groups within their respective regions. While the former lacks ethnic conflicts, the latter grapples with security threats emanating from Kurdish identity. Ural Kuspayev and co-authors focused their article on the Role of supranational bodies in regulating water cooperation: Central Asian experience, departing from the fact that growing environmental problems in recent decades have made the water issue one of the most important agenda items in relations between the countries of the Central Asian region. Their study aims to analyze the importance of supranational bodies in regulating water cooperation between Central Asian states, formulating areas of cooperation between the states in this sector. Majid Khaneiki, Matthias Schmidt, and Abdullah Al-Ghafri bring a discussion on Water populism and the Iranians' collective adipsia. The article examines Iran as an example where the water crisis is dealt with through denial, projection, and securitization approaches, described as “water populism.” They discuss the role of ideology in the water crisis context, arguing that any solution to Iran's water crisis seems infeasible in the absence of an ideological reform. In their article Frames and ontologies in the water conflict at Pampa Colorada in Chile, Miguel Gomis and Camila Mejía-Salamanca discuss the Latin America complex extractivism that triggers interdisciplinary debates, particularly on water conflicts. The article addresses the question of how agents' ontologies affect water conflict outcomes and vice versa, focusing on the Pampa Colorada case in Chile. The authors' main finding is that ontological differences between agents exist, but struggles can lead to vocabulary and narrative appropriations. In the article Ecological and Socio-political Conflicts in the Turga Hydroelectric Project: An Examination through the Lens of Political Ecology, Surajit Kar, Trude Sundberg, and Subham Mukherjee, critically examine water-assisted developmental projects and their associated conflicts through the lens of political ecology, with a particular focus on hydroelectric power generation in the Global South. Using the Turga Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project in the Purulia district of West Bengal, India, as a case study, they highlight the critical role of political ecology in understanding human-nature conflicts and resource management. George Wainaina and Helen Barbosa propose self-supply as a model for household-managed water supply in rural areas in Emerging models of water supply in the global south: Time to elevate self-supply to its status?, arguing that this model is foundational and often preferred for rural households due to reliability, predictability, control, and flexibility. Melku Dagnachew and co-authors present their views in Ensuring Sustainable Water Security Through Sustainable Land Management: A Policy Brief, a study supported by the REACH Programme of University of Oxford. The authors analyze how, in Ethiopia, the interconnections between Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and water security are intimate and numerous, but their linkage is very loose and yet to be understood. The article Maximising synergies between state and non-state actors to enhance water governance in the Cubango Okavango River Basin, by Victoria Shifidi, Nadia Sitas, and Richard Meissner, discusses the inherent complexity of governing transboundary social–ecological systems like the Cubango-Okavango River Basin (CORB). Their study found that the active participation of non-state actors in the water governance of the CORB is imperative for maximizing contextualized synergies in transboundary water governance. Timothy Ogunbode and co-authors address the security of nations concerning water accessibility by 2030, which is under threat due to climate change, in Evaluating Water Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Iwo, Nigeria – A Case Study. They conclude that urgent and intentional efforts are required for enhanced justice in water accessibility to align with the SDG 6 target. Doaa Abdou, Abdelrahman Othman, and Mona Moussa present their research in Examining the Impact of Water Scarcity on Agricultural Output: Data from the Gulf Cooperation Council Region, where they address the impact of water scarcity on agricultural output in the Gulf Cooperation Council region. They provide important insights into its effects on the region, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to ensure food security. The Kosi River flows through China's Tibet region, Nepal, and India, supporting the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in these countries. In Review of Flood Hazards in Kosi River – A Way Forward for Disaster Risk Reduction, Ajai Singh and co-authors present research into how floods are managed and combined with flood mitigation efforts. The Special Issue on Water Diplomacy and Water Security was prepared with the valuable support of World Water Policy Associate Editor Milad Jafari, who we invited to work with us on this edition. Milad is a young professional and a researcher in water diplomacy and conflict transformation at Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, as well as associate member of the International Cooperation Committee on Iranian Water Diplomacy Association (IWDA). He gave invaluable support to the organization of this Special Issue, inviting several authors with a focus in the Middle East region, and other areas. A special word of recognition is, therefore, mandatory. Milad Jafari represents what we could consider exemplary of tenacity against the fragility of diplomacy at a larger scale. He lives in Teheran, and his work takes him to other places. During the preparation of this Special Issue, he travelled several times to Istanbul or Beirut, facing several constraints of security. Besides this editorial work, Milad has also contributed two articles as first author and co-author. This Special Issue would never not have been possible without inspiration from brave and highly valuable and valued persons such as Milad! We wish our readers an inspiring journey across these testimonies. The discussion on water diplomacy and water security did not start with this issue of World Water Policy Journal, but we trust it has added some useful dimensions to it. We intend to the on this critical in issues and this Special Issue contributed to the of we are all so and (Keskinen et al., (Neto and Camkin, (UN HCHR, (WD, SIWI (Keskinen et al., L.P. 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Majid Khaneiki, Matthias Abdullah Al-Ghafri del crisis del crisis a crisis del Pampa Chile, Miguel Gomis Camila Mejía-Salamanca particular Pampa Colorada Chile. a a Surajit Kar, Trude Subham a particular Turga Purulia India, George Wainaina Helen Barbosa a fundamental a a Melku Dagnachew REACH Oxford. no del del Victoria Shifidi, Nadia Richard Meissner, a del Cubango-Okavango (CORB). no del CORB del Timothy Ogunbode a 2030, del del del Doaa Abdou, Abdelrahman Mona Moussa del del del del del Kosi a del India, a del Ajai Singh Milad Jafari A del World Water Milad Jafari, a a Milad Tarbiat Modares del (IWDA). invaluable a a Milad Jafari a a a a Beirut, Milad Milad! a a no World Water Policy Journal, a World Water Policy Journal Water diplomacy – An approach to water diplomacy actions in shared Journal of Camkin, of World Water Policy The present and future. 2024, Human Rights to Water and of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and Pedro Water as an for and July UN The Human Rights is by the of the United Nations for Human United Nations at – The Right to Water. Water on Water Security in Conflicts from the by The Water International Humanitarian Law and the of Water", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "Micro irrigation in the era of technology: Innovation and digital transformation", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12155", "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 3, "authors": [ "R. Ragab", "Nadine Depre" ], "source": "World Water Policy", "abstract": "Irrigation is one of the oldest practices since the early civilizations thousands of years ago. The earliest known systems of irrigation date back to 6000 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia, and the different ways to water the plants have been displayed on the walls of ancient temples and ruins. The early irrigation system was surface irrigation until the 19th century. Sprinkler irrigation first became a reality at the end of the 19th century when different designs of lawn sprinklers were invented by Joseph Lessler in New York in 1871, Philip Pratt of Massachusetts in 1872, and Charles Skinner in Ohio in 1894. Then Joseph H. Smith of Washington improved upon the lawn sprinkler by producing the first rotary-head lawn sprinkler in 1897. Technologies continued to improve until the mid-20th century when in 1948, Frank Zybach, an innovative Nebraska farmer, developed a new type of sprinkler system, the center pivot, patented in 1952. Shortly after, the drip irrigation system was invented in 1959 by Simcha Blass, a Polish-Israeli engineer with his son Yeshayahu. Micro-irrigation is a type of irrigation system that uses lower pressure, lower energy, and lower flow than the average irrigation systems. Micro-irrigation efficiency can exceed 90%. It can be used for any kind of plants in agriculture, horticulture, landscaping, and gardening. One can come across other terminology such as localized irrigation, low-volume irrigation, low-flow irrigation, or trickle irrigation, but they all mean the same thing, micro-irrigation. In micro irrigation, one can have a pressure regulator, which can minimize the pressure to the required level as well as have an automatic irrigation timer for switching to different areas and times of the day. They can also have soil moisture and rain shut-off sensors. Thus, the irrigation system can regulate itself on how much water to apply. Micro-irrigation is one step in the right direction to cope with the increasing impact of climate change, the limitation in water resources, the widening gap between water supply and demand, as well as food security for the increasing population. For those reasons, there is a need to start using a more controlled and precise irrigation system. Thus, micro-irrigation systems have become more and more popular recently. Those who attended this conference benefited from the experts' presentations, gained, and shared knowledge and information, networked with senior and junior practitioners, visited the local micro-irrigation sites, and enjoyed the breath-taking sceneries and the hospitality of Morocco. Due to the large numbers of manuscripts the authors' names are not presented in the Editorial, but they are acknowledged in the list of contents. Under topic 1: papers on the state-of-the-art of drip irrigation in Morocco, Spain, and India indicated that each of the three countries presented specific advances and challenges, and the recommendations for each country need to be adapted accordingly. However, government policies need to be better adapted to promote its use, particularly in terms of financing, training farmers, and promoting the most efficient technologies. In Niger, currently, micro-irrigation is a top priority among climate-smart technologies, in addition to strengthening technologies for access to water resources, technical capacities of producers, particularly advisories, the strengthening of research, the popularization of micro-irrigation technologies, access to financing, and securing land tenure. Other needs persist in terms of strengthening science-society-policy interfaces and effective climate services for risk management. Under topic 2: another two papers focused on the clogging and the behavior and flow of the fluid inside two widely used emitters, one of which is compensating-pressure and the other is non-compensating-pressure. The results showed that the regions affected by clogging are mainly the corners of the labyrinth channel and the recirculation vortex zones. Under topic 3: using the Internet of Things (IoT), tensiometers, sensors, and weather stations in Peru have led to cotton yields increases by 53% and bean yield increases between 18% to 29%, compared to neighboring farms. It optimized water use, generating savings of up to 20% in irrigation water and profitability of 50%. Further, it enabled the control of plant growth and thus planned farm harvest time. This technology proved helpful for farmers and innovative compared to the flooding irrigation techniques used in the Peruvian cotton sector. In a second paper on the use of IoT, monitoring soil elements for irrigation management using IoT sensors, five sensors were employed, specifically designed for soil and irrigation water analysis. The sensors dedicated to soil pH, moisture, and NPK demonstrated commendable accuracy when compared with conventional measurements, equally, the irrigation water pH and turbidity sensors exhibited notably precise measurements. These IoT sensors could facilitate effective crop monitoring without excessive expenditures and serve to safeguard groundwater from nutrient contamination. Under topic 4: use of non-conventional water resources such as desalinated seawater and treated wastewater was presented. A couple of papers focused on desalination of sea water for irrigation in Morocco. One paper focused on the contributions of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) set-up from the institutional, financial, technical, and management points of view, as well as the contribution of this set-up to the success of major desalination projects for irrigation. The study revealed that the PPP arrangement brings several advantages to desalination projects for irrigation, principally: the participation of the private partner in the financing, the sharing of risks between the public and private parties, and the sustainable management of the various components of the project. The second paper focused on the use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy for desalination. In a third paper on the use of non-conventional water resources, the use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation was presented with an example from Morocco. It was found that the utilization of treated wastewater for irrigation supplied the crop with a guaranteed water supply and ensured stability in its growth. Ultimately, the use of TWW emerges as a strategy to enhance irrigation water availability during periods of water scarcity. Under topic 5: a couple of papers focused on the Water-Energy-Food Nexus, WEF. The first paper provided a conceptual framework that considered the nexus approach in relation to micro-irrigation technology adoption, discussed the policy synergies, the trade-offs, and offered a broader framework for making adaptation responses more effective. A Nexus-based adaptation approach that integrates water, energy, and food within irrigation systems is crucial for the effective and sustainable use of different resources. This can promote inclusive and sustainable irrigation development, especially with the great challenges of climate change. In a second paper, a review of the policy interventions in Kenya was presented. The paper indicated that, in the past, Kenya faced numerous challenges in achieving sustainable development goals concerning food, water, and energy. To address this, cross-sectorial policy interventions, legal instruments, and institutional frameworks have been developed. Nevertheless, there is a need for a multi-sectoral approach to improve and implement the existing policies. The water policy needs to be aligned with the water and energy sectors. Under topic 6: in one of the presented papers, deficit irrigation was discussed. The nutrition quality and yield of orange fleshed sweet potato response to deficit irrigation in Tanzania was explained. The study concluded that the adoption of deficit irrigation strategies for crops using smart pressurized irrigation systems could be significant in undertaking water management reforms. Under topic 7: the benefit of supplemental irrigation in rain-fed agriculture was presented with an example from Brazil. Rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation for cotton cultivation in south-eastern Brazil was discussed. This study demonstrated that the adaptation of cotton production systems through the “Supplemental Irrigation” method in critical periods provides and guarantees sustainable cotton production. Since the implementation of this technology, cotton fiber production has increased by 72% and total cotton production increased by 58%. As of 2022, cotton producers continue to use this supplemental irrigation methodology, demonstrating that the technology is viable and is effective as a resilience measure to climate change and drought. In addition, this technology proves to be in line with Brazilian public policies. The ICID President and the Guest Editor would like to thank the Moroccan National Committee of ICID (ANAFIDE) for organizing the 10th Micro-Irrigation Conference. The selection of the papers for their suitability for the conference and for this special issue was carried out by Dr. EL Houssine Bartali, Dr. Mohamed Wahba, and Dr. Elhassnaoui Ismail, and their efforts are highly appreciated and acknowledged. *CHINESE TRANSLATION* 科技时代的微灌:创新与数字转型 本期特刊的第一部分基于2023年1月在摩洛哥达赫拉举行的第十届国际灌溉排水委员会(ICID)微灌会议。本期特刊发表的论文主要来自参加该会议的青年水务专业人士。 导论:灌溉系统发展 灌溉是自数千年前早期文明以来最古老的实践之一。已知最早的灌溉系统追溯到公元前6000年的埃及和美索不达米亚, 古代寺庙和遗址的墙壁上展示了不同的植物浇水方法。 早期的灌溉系统直到19世纪前都是地面灌溉。喷灌在19世纪末首次成为现实——Joseph Lessler于1871年在纽约、Philip Pratt于1872年在马萨诸塞州、Charles Skinner于1894年在俄亥俄州, 发明了不同设计的草坪喷灌器。随后, Joseph H. Smith于1897年在华盛顿特区生产出了第一个带旋转喷头的草坪喷水器, 进而改良了草坪喷水器。技术不断改进, 直到20世纪中叶——1948年, 一位富有创新精神的内布拉斯加州农民Frank Zybach发明了一种新型喷水系统, 即中心枢纽灌溉, 并于1952年获得专利。不久之后, 波兰裔以色列工程师Simcha Blass和他的儿子Yeshayahu于1959年发明了滴灌系统。 微灌是一种比一般灌溉系统使用更低压力、更低能量和更低流量的灌溉系统。微灌效率可达90%以上。它可用于农业、园艺学 (horticulture)、景观和园艺 (gardening)中的任何植物。还存在其他术语, 例如局部灌溉、低流量灌溉、低流灌溉或滴流灌溉, 但它们都意味着同一件事:微灌。 在微灌中, 可以配备压力调节器, 将压力降至所需水平, 并配备自动灌溉定时器, 用于切换到不同区域和一天中的不同时间。它们还可以配备土壤湿度传感器和雨水关闭传感器。因此, 灌溉系统可以自行调节用水量。 微灌是应对气候变化日益严重的影响、水资源短缺、水供需差距扩大、以及为不断增加的人口保障粮食安全的正确方向之一。 鉴于这些原因, 需要开始使用更加受控和精确的灌溉系统。因此, 微灌系统近年来变得越来越流行。 与会人员从专家的演讲中受益匪浅、收获并分享了知识和信息、与资深及初级从业者建立了关系网、参观了当地的微灌地址、并享受了摩洛哥令人惊叹的风景和热情好客的氛围。 特刊–主题 论文和主题的简要描述. 由于稿件数量众多, 本社论未提及作者姓名, 作者姓名请参考目录。 主题1:关于摩洛哥、西班牙和印度滴灌技术现状的论文表明, 这三个国家都呈现出具体的进步和挑战, 因此针对每个国家的建议需要进行相应调整。然而, 需要更好地调整政府政策以促进滴灌技术使用, 特别是在融资、培训农民和推广最高效的技术方面。在尼日尔, 微灌目前是气候智能型技术的重中之重, 此外还需加强获取水资源的技术、生产者的技术能力 (特别是警报)、加强研究、普及微灌技术、以及获得融资并确保土地使用权。其他需求包括:加强科学-社会-政策互动和有效的气候服务 (用于风险管理)。 主题2:另外两篇论文聚焦于压力补偿式滴头和非压力补偿式滴头这两种广泛使用的滴头的堵塞情况以及流体的行为和流动。结果表明, 受堵塞影响的区域主要是迷宫流道的拐角处和再循环涡流区。 主题3:与邻近的秘鲁农场相比, 利用物联网 (IoT)、张力计、传感器和气象站的农场使棉花产量增加了53%, 豆类产量增加了18%至29%。该技术优化了用水, 节省了高达20%的灌溉用水, 并提高了50%的盈利能力。此外, 它为植物生长控制提供了适宜条件, 从而计划农场收获时间。事实证明, 这项技术对农民有帮助, 并且与秘鲁棉花行业中使用的漫灌技术相比具有创新性。在第二篇关于物联网使用的论文中, 使用物联网传感器监测土壤元素以进行灌溉管理, 使用了五个专门用于土壤和灌溉水分析的传感器。与传统测量相比, 专用于土壤pH值、湿度和氮磷钾 (NPK)的传感器表现出值得称赞的准确性, 同样, 专用于灌溉水pH值和浊度的传感器也表现出非常精确的测量结果。这些物联网传感器能促进高效的作物监测, 而无需过多的支出, 并有助于保护地下水免受营养物污染。 主题4:介绍了非常规水资源的使用, 例如淡化海水和处理后的废水。几篇论文聚焦于摩洛哥的海水淡化, 以用于灌溉。一篇论文从制度、财务、技术和管理角度聚焦于政府和社会资本合作 (PPP)机制的贡献, 以及该机制对“用于灌溉的重大海水淡化项目的成功”所作的贡献。研究表明, PPP安排为用于灌溉的海水淡化项目带来了几个优势, 主要为:社会资本参与融资、政府与社会资本双方分担风险、以及项目各个组成部分的可持续管理。第二篇论文聚焦于利用风能和太阳能等可再生能源进行海水淡化。在关于非常规水资源利用的第三篇论文中, 以摩洛哥为例介绍了用于灌溉的“处理后的废水”(TWW)。研究发现, 将处理后的废水用于灌溉, 为农作物提供了供水保障并确保作物的稳定生长。最终, TWW的使用成为了在缺水期间提高灌溉用水可用性的一项策略。 主题5:两篇论文聚焦于水-能源-粮食纽带关系 (WEF)。第一篇论文提供了一项概念框架, 用于衡量与微灌技术采纳相关的纽带关系法、探讨了政策协同作用与得失、并就更有效的适应措施提出了一项更广泛的框架。将水、能源和粮食整合到灌溉系统中的、基于纽带关系的适应方法, 对于有效且可持续地利用不同资源一事至关重要。此举能促进具备包容性和可持续性的灌溉发展, 特别是在气候变化带来的巨大挑战下。第二篇论文回顾了肯尼亚的政策干预措施。论文指出, 过去肯尼亚在实现与粮食、水和能源相关的可持续发展目标方面面临过诸多挑战。为解决这些挑战, 制定了跨部门政策干预措施、法律文书和制度框架。然而, 需要采取一项多部门方法来改进和实施现有政策。水政策需要与水和能源部门保持一致。 主题6:一篇论文探讨了亏水灌溉。解释了坦桑尼亚橙肉甘薯的营养品质和产量对亏水灌溉的响应。研究得出的结论认为, 采纳一系列使用智能加压灌溉系统的农作物亏水灌溉策略, 对于进行水管理改革一事可能具有重要意义。 主题7:以巴西为例介绍了雨养农业中补充灌溉的好处。探讨了巴西东南部用于棉花种植的雨水收集和补充灌溉。研究表明, 在关键时期通过“补充灌溉”方法调整棉花生产系统, 能提供并保证可持续的棉花生产。自实施该技术以来, 棉纤维产量增加了72%, 棉花总产量增加了58%。截至2022年, 棉花生产者继续使用这种补充灌溉方法, 这表明该技术是可行的, 并且能作为一项针对气候变化和干旱的有效适应措施。此外, 该技术被证明符合巴西的公共政策。 致谢 ICID主席和客座编辑感谢ICID摩洛哥国家委员会 (ANAFIDE)组织第十届微灌会议。EL Houssine Bartali博士、Mohamed Wahba博士和Elhassnaoui Ismail博士根据论文的适合性, 为会议和本期特刊的稿件进行了筛选, 他们的付出得到了高度赞赏和认可。 *TRANSLATION INTO SPANISH* WWP-2023-081—Editorial de invitado Microriego en la era de la tecnología: innovación y transformación digital. La primera parte de este número especial se basa en la décima conferencia de Microirrigación de la ICID, celebrada en enero de 2023 en Dakhla, Marruecos. Los artículos presentados en este número especial provinieron en gran parte de jóvenes profesionales del agua que participaron en la conferencia. Introducción: Desarrollo de sistemas de riego. El riego es una de las prácticas más antiguas desde las primeras civilizaciones hace miles de años. Los primeros sistemas de riego conocidos se remontan al año 6000 a. C. en Egipto y Mesopotamia y las diferentes formas de regar las plantas se muestran en las paredes de templos y ruinas antiguos. El primer sistema de riego fue el riego superficial hasta el siglo XIX. El riego por aspersión se hizo realidad por primera vez a finales del siglo XIX, cuando Joseph Lessler en Nueva York en 1871, Philip Pratt de Massachusetts en 1872 y Charles Skinner en Ohio en 1894 inventaron diferentes diseños de aspersores para césped. Luego, Joseph H. Smith de Washington mejoró el aspersor para césped al producir el primer aspersor para césped de cabezal giratorio en 1897. Las tecnologías continuaron mejorando hasta mediados del siglo XX, cuando en 1948, Frank Zybach, un innovador agricultor de Nebraska, desarrolló un nuevo tipo. de sistema de aspersión, el de pivote central, patentado en 1952. Poco después, el sistema de riego por goteo fue inventado en 1959 por Simcha Blass, un ingeniero polaco israelí con su hijo Yeshayahu. El microriego es un tipo de sistema de riego que utiliza menor presión, menor energía y menor flujo que los sistemas de riego promedio. La eficiencia del microriego puede superar el 90%. Puede para tipo de plantas en y riego riego de riego de riego por el se puede un de presión, que puede la al un de riego para a diferentes y del de del y de por el sistema de riego puede la de agua a El microriego es un en la para al del la de los la vez la y la de la para una en es a un sistema de riego más y los sistemas de microriego se vez más a conferencia se de las de los y con profesionales y los de microriego y de los y la de Marruecos. de y al gran número de los de los se en la Editorial, se en la de el 1: Los artículos el del del riego por goteo en India que de los y y las para en las para su en de de y de las tecnologías más el microriego es una las tecnologías del de las tecnologías de a los las de los en las de el de la la de las tecnologías de a y de la de la en de las interfaces y para la de el 2: artículos se en la y el y flujo del de de los es de y el es de Los que las por la son las del y las de de el 3: El de Internet de las (IoT), y en a en el del del 53% y del del el y el 29%, en con las el del de hasta un 20% en agua de riego y una del 50%. el de las plantas por el de en la para los en con las de riego por en el un el de IoT, el de los del para la del riego de IoT, se para el del y del agua de riego. Los al pH del la y el NPK una en con las los de pH y del agua de riego de IoT un de los y para las de la por el 4: el de agua de y de artículos se en la de agua de para riego en Marruecos. se en las del de desde el de y de la de este al de de para riego. El que el de a los de para la del en la el de el y y la de los del El se en el de de energía la y la solar para la un el de se el de para riego con un de Marruecos. que la de para riego al un de agua y la de su el de TWW una para la de agua de riego de de el 5: de artículos en el WEF. El primer un conceptual para el de en con la de de las de y las y un más para que las de más de en que el la energía y los de los sistemas de riego es crucial para el y de los diferentes puede un del riego y los del un se una de las en El que en el para los de con los el agua y la se de y es un para las La del agua con los del agua y la el 6: de los artículos se el riego la y el de la de en al riego en El que la de de riego para que sistemas de riego para en la del el 7: El del riego en la de se con un de la de agua de y el riego para el de en el de que la de los sistemas de de el de en y una la de la de de un 72% y la total de un 58%. A de 2022, los de de riego que que la es viable y de al y la en con las El de la ICID y el Editor al de la ICID (ANAFIDE) por la La de los artículos por su para la conferencia y para este número especial a del Dr. EL Houssine Bartali, el Dr. Mohamed y el Dr. Elhassnaoui y son y", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "Global Companies and China’s Data Privacy Laws: Analysing DIDI'S Case and Regulatory Compliance Implications", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/2753412x241288770", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 3, "authors": [ "Inma C Conde", "Yixian Li", "Ravi Prakash Vyas" ], "source": "Chinese Journal of Transnational Law", "abstract": "China is emerging as a leader in artificial intelligence and data collection, particularly for its pre-eminence in facial recognition technology. This network offers significant benefits for public security – it expedites investigations, aids in precise identification of criminals, and assist in crime prevention measures. However, the extensive collection of biometric data engenders concerns about the potential infringement upon individual privacy rights through its possible misuse. In 2022, Didi Global Inc (‘Didi’), a multinational company, received the highest regulatory penalty to date in a data protection lawsuit within China. The Cyberspace Administration of China (‘CAC’), the country's data protection regulator, did not disclose the specific provisions of Chinese or international law that had been breached. To address this gap, this article analyses Didi's case and identifies the national and international laws infringed. It also offers a comparative examination of Chinese laws and international standards such as International Human Rights and European Union's General Data Protection (‘GDPR’), underscoring the gaps and areas for improvement. This article underscores the importance of robust compliance with data protection laws to prevent unlawful data practices by multinational corporations across the Asia-Pacific region and serves as a call to action for global organizations to prioritize data privacy and security.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "Research on the Management Control Systems in Different R&D Activities − A Field Study of a Listed Company1", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.7603/s40570-015-0001-2", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "Yue Wang", "Fei Pan", "Lin Zhou", "Chenggong Zhao" ], "source": "China Accounting and Finance Review", "abstract": "Abstract Management control systems (MCS) are fundamental to the progress of research and development (R&D) activities. However, misunderstanding the functions of MCS impedes their scientific design. In view of this, we assess the literature on the key mechanisms of MCS in an R&D context according to the contingency and resource-based theories, and propose a framework which effectively demonstrates these mechanisms. The framework divides the progress of R&D into three stages and analyses the effects of control mechanisms on different R&D activities by distinguishing between their different functions. Finally, we verify the rationality of our framework, with a view to improving current MCS design, using a field study. Our work can help organisations to recognise the role of MCS and provides valuable theoretical and empirical evidence to support their R&D activities.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "国有企业财务共享服务管理探讨", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.26549/cjygl.v4i11.6311", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "莹 黄", "莉 唐" ], "source": "财经与管理", "abstract": "随着全球信息化的迅猛发展，社会经济发展产业组织面临重塑要求，经济运营模式被迫转型，管理理念的创新由分散转为集中。财务共享服务中心是财务体制改革创新的方向，是大势所趋。论文通过财务共享服务的成因和对国企产生的作用等方面，探讨了国有企业建立财务共享中心的优势，分析了财务共享管理中的问题弊端，明确了财务共享依托信息技术，以财务业务流程为基础，以优化组织结构，规范流程，提升效率，减低运营成本，更好地创造经济价值的关键要素。在经过不断摸索，财务共享管理已形成统一的标准和模式，国有企业在具体构建过程中可根据企业实际情况进行统筹搭建，参入个性化元素设置。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "提高初中生英语阅读能力的教学策略研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5561-0702-12", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "君 杨" ], "source": "现代教育探索", "abstract": "英语阅读能力是初中英语教学的核心目标之一，也是学生语言综合运用能力的重要体现。然而，当前初 中英语阅读教学仍存在诸多问题，如教学方法单一、学生阅读兴趣不高、阅读策略缺失、文本理解浅层化等，严重制 约了学生英语素养的全面发展。本文基于建构主义学习理论、输入假说理论及元认知理论，结合初中英语课程标准的 要求，系统分析当前初中生英语阅读能力现状及影响因素，并从激发阅读兴趣、优化教学设计、强化策略指导、拓展 阅读资源、构建多元评价体系等方面提出切实可行的教学策略。研究表明，通过整合多种教学手段，注重学生主体地 位，培养其自主阅读与深度理解能力，可有效提升初中生的英语阅读水平，为其终身学习奠定坚实基础。", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "What determines effectiveness in the policy process?", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1227", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "Nils C. Bandelow", "Johanna Hornung", "Fritz Sager", "Ilana Schröder" ], "source": "European Policy Analysis", "abstract": "Public policies should ideally be formulated to address a societal problem and being effective in solving it, both in what regards the effectiveness of the process of their development and in their effect on the target population (Bali et al., 2019; Huber et al., 2020; Knill et al., 2020). Thereby, effectiveness can concern different aspects: It can be related to the coordination or collaboration between policy actors, it can refer to the effectiveness of the policy itself, or the subsequent governance arrangements that result from it (Lubell, 2003; Mei, 2020; Mizrahi et al., 2021; Navarro et al., 2012; Nicholson-Crotty & Carley, 2016; Peters et al., 2018; Steinebach, 2019, 2022; Visintin et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2023). This issue of European Policy Analysis (EPA) brings together research articles that deal—one way or the other—with effectiveness, but from different perspectives. Wiget (2024) investigates how beliefs shape the formation of advocacy coalitions among key stakeholders using the example of Swiss pesticide policy. The research is grounded in a survey conducted with 54 key actors, achieving a high response rate of 85%. The survey assessed both core beliefs—related to problem perceptions and policy objectives—and secondary beliefs—concerning support for specific policy measures. The findings reveal that actors’ beliefs significantly influence their positions and interactions, suggesting that agreement and disagreement among stakeholders often reflect deeper ideological divides. Wiget's analysis aligns with previous studies that emphasize the importance of shared beliefs in coalition formation. For instance, Weible and Sabatier (2005) highlighted how policy networks are shaped by the beliefs of actors in marine protected areas, demonstrating that shared values can facilitate collaboration. Similarly, Zafonte and Sabatier (1998) discussed how shared beliefs and imposed interdependencies influence ally networks in overlapping subsystems, reinforcing the notion that belief systems are crucial in understanding policy dynamics. It will be interesting to see, how this study will relate to the rising body of research on emotions in advocacy coalitions (Fullerton et al., 2024; Gabehart et al., 2023) The study also contributes to the broader literature on environmental policy, echoing findings from Ingold and Varone (2011) who argued that policy brokers play a significant role in mediating conflicts and fostering cooperation among diverse stakeholders. By situating the Swiss pesticide policy debate within this framework, Wiget underscores the necessity of recognizing the ideological underpinnings of policy disagreements, which can inform more effective governance strategies. Focusing on another integral part of the policymaking process, Dotti et al. (2024) elaborate on policy learning and the mechanisms through which it might be impacted by policy evaluation. The authors build on a vast array of policy learning literature (e.g., Dunlop & Radaelli, 2013; Moyson et al., 2017; Zaki & Wayenberg, 2023) and consequently propose a comprehensive framework of four critical prerequisites that underlie: policy relevance (i.e., level of funding), resources and organizational settings (i.e., information sharing, internal capacity), quality of evaluation (i.e., available data, stakeholders’ skills), and evaluation culture (e.g., networks, values). These factors are further empirically illustrated in the case of six EU Member States, offering a cross-national comparison of how their policy learning outcomes are impacted by EU Cohesion Policy evaluation requirements. The results indicate that formal EU requirements encourage policy learning when accompanied by sufficient administrative capacity and resources. However, the study shows high intercountry differences and reflects that the four factors should not be understood as static conditions but as mutually interdependent conditions changing over time. The findings suggest that a more integrative approach, combining formal mandates with targeted investments in evaluation systems is needed to maximize the benefits of EU cohesion policy evaluations. This contributes to ongoing debates on effective policy learning by emphasizing the interplay between formal requirements and local administrative conditions. While the previous article already outlined how formal institutions can trigger policy learning, Esposito et al. (2024) equally connect the idea of institutions as well as discourses and language that establish rules, to analyze their impact on relational connections, similarly to the focus of this issue's first paper. They take a Belgian city as an example and study the development of smart city plans as an innovative public policy from the lenses of three theoretical approaches that they connect: The Actor Network Theory (ANT) that assumes that innovation policy is the result of connected actors, the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), which ascribes a central role for policy change to narratives and discourses (Bertrand et al., 2023; Blum, 2019; Chang & Koebele, 2020; Crow & Jones, 2018; Jones, 2018) as well as the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT), which focuses on the grammatical reflection of institutions and governance arrangements (Deslatte et al., 2021; Frantz & Siddiki, 2021; Siddiki & Frantz, 2023; Siddiki et al., 2019). In their original study, per each phase of network stabilization as per the ANT, the authors identify the narrative elements and institutional rules that influence the actors in their actions based on 24 interviews conducted with the actors involved in this policy process. Thereby, they also address the human dimension of smart city plans as a crucial aspect in these innovative transformations (Lee et al., 2024; Paskaleva et al., 2015). The findings underpin the potential of narratives in conjunction with institutions to shape the coherence and effectiveness of actor networks. Effectiveness finally also depends on the adequate fit between a problem and a solution. However, in public policy processes and especially in times of crises, over- and underreaction are frequently observed phenomena (Charron et al., 2019; Maor, 2020). Maor (2024) provides a conceptual anchorage for assessing the misfit between policy instruments and the target group, by considering both the scope of the audience and the degree of (mis)fit of the policy to the actual target group. This distinction is theoretically grounded in the literature on policy design and target groups, which he connects with the representation of a ladder of disproportionality that policy actors can climb up and down and between the dimensions of which they can move. He underpins the theoretical argument and the usefulness of the conceptualization with empirical examples of food vouchers in Israel. Khan and Hussain (2024) examine the interplay between policy capacity and policy effectiveness across 41 countries from 2014 to 2020. The authors utilize the Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI) as a proxy for measuring executive capacity, which encompasses the analytical, managerial, and political dimensions necessary for effective governance (Croissant & Pelke, 2022; Schiller & Hellmann, 2022; Tosun & Howlett, 2022). The study highlights that countries with strong policy capacities (Cameron & Evans, 2024; Wu et al., 2015), such as Finland, Sweden, and Denmark, excel in policy formulation and implementation. These nations demonstrate robust stakeholder engagement, evidence-based policymaking, interministerial collaboration, and transparent communication of policy objectives. In contrast, countries with lower policy capacity face challenges in central planning, strategic capacity, and policy execution, often resulting in ineffective governance. The study suggests that enhancing policy capacity is essential for improving policy effectiveness, particularly in the context of sustainable development. Ilgenstein et al. (2024) shift the focus from classic policy actors to public-private hybrid organizations (PPHs) and close this last year's issue with a study on the applicability of open strategy in PPHs. Open strategy, opposed to strategy as a secretive top management activity, emphasizes inclusion and transparency as key for goal alignment amidst the dual demands of public service and private profitability (Hansen et al., 2024). To empirically evaluate the use of open strategy, the authors develop the PIE framework, highlighting the importance of clarifying the organizational mission (Purpose), identifying key strategic actors (Inclusion), and determining requisite knowledge and skills (Expertise) when shaping a PPHs early development. This framework is applied to a qualitative case study of the Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine (Sitem). The findings reveal an inherent trade-off between inclusivity and transparency on the one hand and operational speed on the other. PPHs can adopt either an inclusive and transparent strategy that fosters broader stakeholder engagement but progresses slowly, or a more exclusive, confidential approach that might sacrifice stakeholder breadth for rapid decision-making. Ultimately, the study advocates for a tailored application of open strategy, emphasizing that strategic choices must consider the unique contexts and challenges of hybrid organizations to enhance decision-making and governance outcomes effectively. 理想情况下，公共政策的制定应该着眼于解决社会问题并有效解决该问题，既要考虑其制定过程的有效性，也要考虑其对目标人群的影响(Bali, Capano, & Ramesh, 2019; Huber, Wicki, & Bernauer, 2020; Knill, Steinbacher, & Steinebach, 2020)。因此，有效性可能涉及不同方面:它可以与政策行动者之间的协调或合作有关，可以指向政策本身的有效性，或由此产生的后续治理安排(Lubell, 2003; Mei, 2020; Mizrahi, Vigoda-Gadot, & Cohen, 2021; Navarro, Vaillant, and Wolff, 2012; Nicholson-Crotty & Carley, 2016; Peters et al., 2018; Steinebach, 2019, 2022; Visintin et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2023)。本期《欧洲政策分析》(EPA)汇集了从不同的角度、以不同的方式应对有效性的研究文章。 Wiget(2024)以瑞士农药政策为例，研究了信念如何影响主要利益攸关方之间倡导联盟的形成。这项研究基于一项对54名关键行动者的调研，调研回复率高达85%。调研评估了与问题感知和政策目标相关的核心信念、以及与支持具体政策措施有关的次要信念。调研结果表明，行动者的信念对其立场和互动具有显著影响，这表明利益攸关方之间的一致和分歧往往反映了更深层次的意识形态分歧。Wiget的分析与以往研究一致，后者强调了共同信念在联盟形成中的重要性。例如，Weible和Sabatier(2005)强调了海洋保护区行动者的信念如何影响政策网络，表明共同的价值观可以促进合作。同样，Zafonte和Sabatier(1998)探讨了共同信念和强加的相互依赖关系如何影响重叠子系统中的盟友网络，从而强化了一个观点，即信念系统对于理解政策动态至关重要。值得关注的是，这项研究将如何与越来越多有关倡导联盟情绪的研究产生相关性(Fullerton, Gabehart, & Weible, 2024; Gabehart et al., 2023)。这项研究还为更广泛的环境政策文献作贡献，呼应了Ingold和Varone(2011)的研究结果，后者认为政策经纪人在“调解冲突和促进不同利益攸关方之间的合作”方面发挥着重要作用。通过将瑞士农药政策辩论置于这一框架内，Wiget强调了“承认政策分歧的意识形态基础”的必要性，这能为更有效的治理战略提供信息。 Dotti、Colnot、Walczyk、Kupiec和Pellegrin(2024)聚焦于政策制定过程的另一个不可或缺的部分，详细阐述了政策学习以及“政策评估可能影响政策学习”的机制。作者以大量政策学习文献为基础(e.g., Dunlop & Radaelli, 2013; Moyson, Scholten, & Weible, 2017; Zaki & Wayenberg, 2023)，并因此提出了一个全面的框架，其中包含四个关键先决条件:政策相关性（即资金水平）、资源和组织环境（即信息共享、内部能力）、评价质量（即可用数据、利益攸关方的技能）、以及评价文化（例如网络、价值观）。这些因素在六个欧盟成员国的案例中得到了进一步的实证说明，这提供了一项跨国比较，描述了六个国家的政策学习结果如何受到欧盟凝聚力政策评价要求的影响。结果表明，当存在足够的行政能力和资源时，欧盟的正式要求则可以促进政策学习。然而，研究显示，各国之间存在很大差异，并反映出这四个因素不应被理解为静态条件，而应被理解为随时间变化的相互依存条件。研究结果表明，需要采取一种更具综合性的方法，将正式要求与评价系统中的目标投资相结合，以期最大限度地发挥欧盟凝聚力政策评价的效益。通过强调正式要求与地方行政条件之间的相互作用，这项研究为正在进行的有效政策学习辩论作贡献。 上一篇文章概述了正式制度如何能触发政策学习，而Esposito、Taffoni、Terlizzi和Crutzen (2024)则将制度的概念与“建立规则的话语和语言”联系起来，分析它们对关系联系的影响，这与本期第一篇论文的重点类似。Esposito等人以比利时的一个城市为例，从他们所联系的三种理论方法的视角，研究了智慧城市计划作为一项创新公共政策的发展。这三种理论方法分别为:行动者网络理论(ANT)——假设创新政策是相关行动者的结果；叙事政策框架(NPF)——将政策变革的核心作用归因于叙事和话语(Bertrand, Lyon, & Jacobsen, 2023; Blum, 2019; Chang & Koebele, 2020; Crow & Jones, 2018; Jones, 2018)；以及制度语法工具(IGT)——聚焦于制度和治理安排的语法反映(Deslatte et al., 2021; Frantz & Siddiki, 2021; Siddiki et al., 2019; Siddiki & Frantz, 2023)。在他们的原创研究中，作者根据ANT的每个网络稳定阶段，并基于对参与这一政策过程的行动者进行的24次访谈，识别了影响行动者行动的叙事要素和制度规则。因此，他们还将智慧城市规划的人类维度作为这些创新转型的关键方面(Lee, Kang, & Kim 2024; Paskaleva et al. 2015)。研究结果强调了叙事在与制度相结合的情况下对行动者网络的连贯性和有效性进行影响的潜力。 有效性最终还取决于问题和解决方案之间的充分契合。然而，在公共政策过程中，尤其是在危机时期，反应过度和反应不足是经常观察到的现象(Charron, Harring, & Lapuente, 2019; Maor, 2020)。Maor (2024)通过考量受众范围和“政策与实际目标群体的（不）契合程度”，为“评估政策工具与目标群体之间的不契合”提供了一个概念支撑。这种区别在理论上基于政策设计和目标群体文献，他将其与“不成比例的阶梯”相联系，政策行动者能在该阶梯中上下攀爬，也可以在阶梯维度之间移动。他用以色列食品券的实例来支持该阶梯理论的论点和有用性。 Khan和Hussain(2024)研究了2014年至2020年间41个国家的政策能力与政策有效性之间的相互作用。作者使用可持续治理指标(SGI)来衡量执行能力，该指标涵盖了有效治理所必需的分析层面、管理层面和政治层面(Croissant & Pelke, 2022; Schiller & Hellmann, 2022; Tosun & Howlett, 2022)。研究强调，政策能力强大的国家(Cameron & Evans, 2024; Wu, Ramesh, & Howlett, 2015)，如芬兰、瑞典和丹麦，在政策制定和实施方面表现出色。这些国家表现出了稳健的利益攸关方参与、基于证据的政策制定、部门间合作、以及政策目标的透明沟通。相比之下，政策能力较低的国家在中央规划、战略能力和政策执行方面面临挑战，往往导致治理无效。研究表明，增强政策能力对于提高政策有效性至关重要，特别是在可持续发展的背景下。 Ilgenstein、Rosser和Jacobs(2024)将焦点从传统的政策行动者转移到公私混合组织(PPH)，并以一项关于开放战略在PPH中的适用性的研究，为今年本刊最后一期内容画上句点。开放战略与作为秘密高层管理活动的战略相反，强调包容性和透明度是公共服务和私人盈利双重需求中目标协调的关键(Hansen et al., 2024)。为了实证评价开放战略的使用，作者提出了PIE框架，强调在塑造PPH早期发展时“明确组织使命(目的)、识别关键战略行动者 (包容性)和确定必要知识和技能(专业知识)”的重要性。该框架应用于瑞士转化和创业医学研究所(Sitem)的定性案例研究。研究结果揭示了包容性和透明度之间的内在权衡，以及操作速度。PPH可以采用包容透明的战略，以促进更广泛的利益攸关方参与，但进展缓慢；也可以采用更排他、更保密的方法，但可能会牺牲利益攸关方的广度来换取快速决策。最终，该研究倡导量身定制开放战略的应用，强调战略选择必须考虑混合型组织的独特情境和挑战，以有效地增强决策和治理结果。 Las políticas públicas deberían idealmente formularse para abordar un problema social y ser efectivas en su solución, tanto en lo que respecta a la efectividad del proceso de su desarrollo como en su efecto sobre la población objetivo (Bali, Capano y Ramesh, 2019; Huber, Wicki y Bernauer, 2020; Knill, Steinbacher y Steinebach, 2020). Así, la eficacia puede referirse a distintos aspectos: puede estar relacionada con la coordinación o colaboración entre los actores de las políticas, puede referirse a la eficacia de la política en sí misma o a los acuerdos de gobernanza posteriores que se derivan de ella (Lubell, 2003; Mei, 2020; Mizrahi, Vigoda-Gadot y Cohen, 2021; Navarro, Vaillant y Wolff, 2012; Nicholson-Crotty y Carley, 2016; Peters et al., 2018; Steinebach, 2019, 2022; Visintin et al., 2021; Wagner et al., 2023). Este número de European Policy Analysis (EPA) reúne artículos de investigación que tratan, de una forma u otra, de la eficacia, pero desde diferentes perspectivas. Wiget (2024) investiga cómo las creencias dan forma a la formación de coaliciones de apoyo entre las partes interesadas clave utilizando el ejemplo de la política suiza sobre pesticidas. La investigación se basa en una encuesta realizada a 54 actores clave, logrando una alta tasa de respuesta del 85%. La encuesta evaluó tanto las creencias centrales (relacionadas con las percepciones de los problemas y los objetivos de las políticas) como las creencias secundarias (relacionadas con el apoyo a medidas políticas específicas). Los hallazgos revelan que las creencias de los actores influyen significativamente en sus lo que que el y el entre las partes interesadas a de Wiget se con que la de las creencias en la formación de Weible y Sabatier (2005) cómo las de políticas las creencias de los actores en las que los la Zafonte y Sabatier (1998) cómo las creencias y las influyen en las de en lo que la de que los de creencias para la de las cómo se con el de investigación sobre las en las coaliciones de Gabehart y Weible, 2024; Gabehart et al., 2023). a la sobre la política de los hallazgos de Ingold y Varone que los un en la de y el de la entre partes el debate sobre la política suiza de de Wiget la de los de los sobre políticas, que de gobernanza en integral del proceso de de políticas, y (2024) en el de políticas y los a de los la de Los se en una de sobre de políticas Dunlop y Radaelli, 2013; Moyson, y Weible, 2017; Zaki y Wayenberg, 2023) en un integral de que de las políticas de y de de la de las partes y de se con en el de de la una sobre cómo sus de de políticas se los de de la de de la Los que los de la el de políticas de una y el entre y que los como como que con el Los hallazgos que se un que con en de para los de las de la política de de la a los debates en sobre el de políticas la entre los y las el cómo las el de políticas, y (2024) la idea de como los y el que para su en las de del de una como ejemplo y el desarrollo de de como una política desde la de que la de actores y que que la política de el de actores el de políticas (NPF), que un central para el de políticas a las y y Jacobsen, 2023; Blum, 2019; Chang y Koebele, 2020; Crow y Jones, 2018; Jones, como la de (IGT), que se en la de las y los acuerdos de gobernanza (Deslatte et al., 2021; Frantz y Siddiki, 2021; Siddiki et al., 2019; Siddiki y Frantz, 2023). su para de de la la ANT, los los y las que influyen en los actores en sus a de 24 a los actores en proceso de la de los de como un crucial en y 2024; Paskaleva et al., 2015). Los hallazgos el de las en con las para forma a la y la eficacia de las de la eficacia de la entre un problema y una en los de políticas públicas y en de de o y Lapuente, 2019; Maor, 2020). Maor (2024) un de apoyo conceptual para la entre los de política y el tanto el de la como el de de la política se basa en la sobre el de políticas y los que con la de una de que los actores de las políticas y y entre el y la de la con de de en Israel. Khan y Hussain (2024) la entre la y la eficacia de las políticas en 41 entre 2014 y 2020. Los los de como un para la que las de y políticas para una gobernanza (Croissant y Pelke, 2022; Schiller y Hellmann, 2022; Tosun y Howlett, 2022). que los con de de políticas (Cameron y Evans, 2024; Wu, y Howlett, 2015), como y se en la de una de las partes una de políticas en la una colaboración interministerial y una de los objetivos de las el los con de de políticas en la la y la de políticas, lo que a en una gobernanza que la política para la eficacia de las políticas, en el del desarrollo y (2024) el de de los actores a las y el número de con un sobre la de la en las La a la como una de la alta la y la como clave para la de objetivos en de las del y la (Hansen et al. 2024). el de la los el la de la actores clave y los y forma desarrollo de una Este se a un de del de y (Sitem). Los hallazgos revelan una entre la y la un y la el Las una y que una de las partes pero que o un y que la de las partes interesadas en de una de el una de la en que las en los y de las para la de y los de gobernanza de The authors that they of", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Discourses and bottom‐up policymaking in Europe and the EU", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1209", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "Nils C. Bandelow", "Johanna Hornung", "Fritz Sager", "Ilana Schröder" ], "source": "European Policy Analysis", "abstract": "Artificial intelligence (AI), climate change, COVID-19, financial budgets, religion and state in Israel—the challenges that the EU and countries in Europe face today seem to increase rather than decrease. This EPA issue includes contributions that show the extent of diversity with which European policy research deals with these topics. The articles draw from different theoretical and/or methodological approaches to analyze the capacity of European governments and the EU in governing these challenges, the ideas and discourses that emerge around them, and the role that bureaucrats and citizens play in bottom-up processes. AI is the newest among the mentioned challenges and is subject to increased attention in public policy research. Several articles tackle AI by analyzing the national or global governance of AI technologies (Büthe et al., 2022; Erman & Furendal, 2022; Radu, 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023b; Taeihagh, 2021; Ulnicane & Erkkilä, 2023), including the setting of standards (von Ingersleben-Seip, 2023), the perceptions by citizens and relevance of public trust (Ingrams et al., 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023a; Schiff et al., 2023) or the impact of AI “on the ground” (Brunn et al., 2020; Selten et al., 2023). Following this recent rise in interest in AI, Lemke et al. (2024) tie in with a contribution that methodologically relies on discourse analysis (Newman & Mintrom, 2023) and opens this issue by a comprehensive depiction of the German discourse on AI. Their systematic analysis includes 6421 statements from various relevant stakeholders with a focus on how AI is defined and framed as a policy problem. Thereby, the analysis underpins that AI is (still) perceived as an issue primarily related to technology and, hence, placed in the policy sector of technology and innovation. It is thus not an issue where questions around civil rights, labor, or education dominate, although the multitude of stakeholders framing and defining the problem increases uncertainty in problem definition. Furthermore, the discourse highlights the need for international cooperation. With Germany being a large European country with a central role in the European Union (EU), such emphasis of international cooperation also refers to joint endeavors at a European level. However, to be able to address problems that concern Europe, the EU must have the necessary leverage, and members states must also comply with adopted laws—which is often not the case (Brendler & Thomann, 2023; Heidbreder, 2017; Kriegmair et al., 2022; Thomann & Sager, 2017). Clinton and Arregui (2024) look into these infringements of EU law at local and regional levels of EU members states to identify explanations for why EU law is not followed, which eventually hinders the influence of the EU in solving cross-country problems. They show that an increase in autonomy of substate authorities, notably also within countries, and their willingness to use this autonomy alongside a negative public opinion towards the EU are associated with a higher number of infringements. By contrast, the authors do not find a positive relation between infringements and administrative capacity. A more positive view of the European Union's ability to problem solving is provided by an examination of the EU Emissions Trading System since its introduction in 2005. In three phases from 2009 to 2013, 2014 to 2018, and 2019 to 2022, the development of a paradigm shift can be demonstrated, whereby a sustainability paradigm has recently prevailed. Wennick (2024) uses a systematic document analysis to show this change qualitatively and quantitatively. He applies a paradigm concept based on Hall (1993) and expanded by Kern et al. (2014) to distinguish four dimensions: interpretive framework, policy objectives, policy instruments, and governance institutions. For these four levels, he identifies the respective ideas on economic growth and climate, which he names as drivers of the paradigm shift. The next paper takes a comparative perspective to explain the different Covid-19 death tolls in the EU Member States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Norway (Farkas & Rácz, 2024). The dependent variable is operationalized with the excess mortality indicator of the database Our World in Data 2015–2019. A comparison of the excess mortality per million shows striking country clusters: in northwest Europe, especially in the Scandinavian countries, excess mortality was low. The Mediterranean countries had average results, while all countries with very significantly excess mortality rates belong to the Central and Eastern European (CEE) group. The article uses correlation analyses to test the explanatory power of different variables for the variance in excess mortality. High health expenditure and a large number of nurses and midwives correlate with low excess mortality. In contrast, a direct correlation between large shares of seats held by populists in parliament and excess mortality cannot be shown. At first glance, political institutions and state capacity are also hardly directly correlated with excess mortality. However, the picture becomes more complex when the country clusters are differentiated and a distinction is made between the phases with and without vaccination. Contributing to the increasingly studied role of street-level bureaucrats in public policy (Arnold, 2013; Brodkin, 2012; Edri-Peer et al., 2023), Niva Golan-Nadir (2024) zooms in on a religion-directed food policy reform in Israel to answer what encourages civil servants to become policy entrepreneurs. Focusing on macrolevel factors, the paper argues that bureaucratic inefficiency, related societal pressure, and competition by other service providers encourages bureaucrats to engage more strongly for an issue and take on entrepreneurial strategies to increase its success. This causal model is illustrated with the case of the Israeli Rabbinate, a state institution that successfully defended its monopoly on regulating kosher food certificates in 2021. Drawing on governmental statistics, public opinion surveys, elite interviews and analyses of (policy) documents and media, the study shows how the Acting General Director of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate identified a time of high public dissatisfaction and rising attention for private sector competitors as a window of opportunity to improve the Rabbinate's service provision while maintaining its monopoly. These findings show how critical situations can spark innovation and motivate policy entrepreneurship and change. While the importance of multilevel top-down policy processes cannot be neglected, the last contribution in this issue sheds light on the equally important bottom-up initiatives of policymaking. Using a mixed-methods approach, Bogo and Falanga (2024) explore the dissemination and financial dimension of participatory budgeting (PB) in Portugal, that is, citizen-centered collective decision making on public budget (Bartocci et al., 2022). The authors show how (mostly local) PBs have increased throughout Portugal in four waves after their introduction in 2002. This growth was pushed forward, inter alia, by the initiation of the Lisbon PB and national PBs, a stronger focus on young people, new implementation strategies, and PB's support among center-right governments in the North of the country. The comparative analysis of 134 Portuguese PBs between 2002 and 2019 shows that most investments were assured in the fourth wave from 2015 to 2019, although the mean investment per PB has decreased since 2009. As of 2019, most PBs relied on less than 2% of public investments, implying a rather weak financial impact. The authors conclude that although PB as a democratic innovation has spread considerably in Portugal since the early 2000s, it plays only a limited role in the absolute financial investment (per capita), not using its full potential of collective decision making. 人工智能、气候变化、新冠肺炎、财政预算、宗教和以色列局势——欧盟和欧洲国家当前面临的这些挑战似乎在增加而不是减少。本期《欧洲政策分析》(EPA)期刊收录的文章展示了欧洲政策研究用于应对这些主题的多样性程度。这些文章借鉴了不同的理论方法和/或方法论来分析欧洲政府和欧盟在应对这些挑战方面的能力、围绕它们出现的想法和话语、以及官僚和公民在自下而上的过程中发挥的作用。 人工智能(AI)是上述挑战中最新的一个，并且在公共政策研究中受到越来越多的关注。几篇文章通过分析AI技术的国家治理或全球治理来探讨AI问题(Büthe et al., 2022; Erman & Furendal, 2022; Radu, 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023b; Taeihagh, 2021; Ulnicane & Erkkilä, 2023)，包括标准的制定(von Ingersleben-Seip, 2023)、公民的感知以及公共信任的相关性(Ingrams et al., 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023a; Schiff et al., 2023)或AI的“实地”影响(Brunn et al., 2020; Selten et al., 2023)。随着近期兴起的AI兴趣，Lemke et al.(2024)撰写的文章在方法上依靠话语分析(Newman & Mintrom, 2023)，并通过对德国AI话语的全面描述来开启本期内容。他们的系统分析包括来自不同利益攸关方的6421份声明，聚焦于AI是如何被定义和建构为一个政策问题。分析表明，AI（仍然）被视为一个主要与技术相关的问题，因此被置于技术和创新的政策部门。因此，尽管众多利益攸关方对问题的建构和定义增加了问题定义的不确定性，但AI问题并不是一个围绕公民权利、劳工或教育的主导问题。此外，话语强调了国际合作的必要性。 鉴于德国是欧洲大国，在欧盟(EU)中具有核心地位，强调国际合作也指欧洲层面的共同努力。然而，为了能够应对欧洲关注的问题，欧盟必须拥有必要的影响力，成员国也必须遵守已通过的法律——但事实往往并非如此(Brendler & Thomann, 2023; Heidbreder, 2017; Kriegmair et al., 2022; Thomann & Sager, 2017)。Clinton and Arregui(2024)调查了欧盟成员国在地方和区域层面上违反欧盟法律的行为，以期识别欧盟法律不被遵守的原因，这最终阻碍了欧盟在解决跨国问题上的影响力。他们表明，地方当局自主权的增加（特别是在国家内部）、它们对这种自主权以及对欧盟的负面舆论的使用意愿，与侵权行为的增加有关。相比之下，作者没有发现侵权行为与行政能力之间存在正相关关系。 通过对自2005年推出的欧盟排放交易体系进行分析，对欧盟的问题解决能力提供了更积极的看法。2009-2013年、2014-2018年和2019-2022年这三个阶段能证明范式转变的发展，即可持续性范式近年来已经盛行。Wennick(2024)使用系统性文献分析，从定性和定量的角度展示了这种变化。他应用基于学者Hall(1993)并由Kern、Kuzemko和Mitchell(2014)扩展的范式概念来区分四个维度:解释框架、政策目标、政策工具、治理机构。对于这四个层面，他确定了各自关于经济增长和气候的观点，他将其称为范式转变的驱动力。 下一篇论文透过比较视角来解释欧盟成员国、英国、瑞士和挪威因新冠肺炎导致的不同死亡人数(Farkas & Rácz, 2024)。使用数据库“Our World in Data”2015-2019年的超额死亡率指标，对因变量进行操作化。对每百万人超额死亡率的比较显示出不寻常的国家集群:在西北欧，尤其是斯堪的纳维亚国家，超额死亡率较低。地中海国家的结果较为平均，而超额死亡率极为显著的国家都属于中东欧(CEE)国家。文章使用相关分析来检验不同变量对超额死亡率差异的解释力。高卫生支出、大量护士和助产士，与低超额死亡率相关。相比之下，民粹主义者在议会中占有大量席位与超额死亡率之间无法显示直接的相关性。乍一看，政治制度和国家能力也很难与超额死亡率直接相关。然而，当区分国家集群，并区分接种疫苗和未接种疫苗的阶段时，情况就会变得更加复杂。 越来越多的研究分析了街头官僚在公共政策中的作用(Arnold, 2013; Brodkin, 2012; Edri-Peer et al., 2023)，为对此作贡献，Niva Golan-Nadir(2024)聚集于以色列地区以宗教为导向的粮食政策改革，以期回答一个问题，即是什么鼓励公务员成为政策企业家。文章聚焦于宏观因素，认为官僚机构效率低下、相关的社会压力以及其他服务提供商的竞争，会鼓励官僚更积极地参与某个议题，并采取创业战略来增加其成功。使用以色列拉比院案例，对该因果模型进行了阐述，拉比院是一个国家机构，在2021年成功捍卫了其对犹太食品证书监管的垄断地位。基于政府统计数据、民意调查、精英访谈以及（政策）文件及媒体分析，该研究表明，以色列首席拉比院的代理总干事如何将“公众的高度不满和对私营部门竞争对手的日益关注的时期”视为一个机会之窗，以改善拉比院的服务提供，同时保持其垄断地位。这些发现表明了危急情况如何能够激发创新并鼓励政策创业和变革。 虽然多层次的自上而下的政策过程的重要性不容忽视，但本期的最后一篇文章阐明了同样重要的自下而上的决策举措。Bogo和Falanga(2024)采用混合方法，探究了葡萄牙参与式预算（简称PB，即以公民为中心的公共预算集体决策）的传播维度和财务维度， (Bartocci et al., 2022)。作者展示了PB在2002年推出后如何在葡萄牙全国范围内分四次增加（这种增加大多数是地方性的）。这种增长主要归因于里斯本PB和国家PB的启动、对年轻人的更加关注、新的实施战略，以及该国北部中右翼政府对PB的支持。对2002年至2019年134个葡萄牙PB的比较分析表明，尽管每个PB的平均投资自2009年以来有所下降，但大多数投资在2015年至2019年的第四轮增长中得到了保证。截至 2019年，大多数PB对公共投资的依赖度不到2%，这意味着财务影响相当弱。作者的结论是，虽然自2000年代初以来，作为一种民主创新的PB在葡萄牙得到了广泛传播，但它在绝对金融投资（人均）方面只发挥了有限的作用，没有充分发挥其集体决策的潜力。 Inteligencia artificial, cambio climático, COVID-19, presupuestos financieros, religión y Estado en Israel: los desafíos que enfrentan hoy la UE y los países de Europa parecen aumentar en lugar de disminuir. Este número de la EPA incluye contribuciones que muestran el grado de diversidad con la que la investigación política europea aborda estos temas. Los artículos se basan en diferentes enfoques teóricos y/o metodológicos para analizar la capacidad de los gobiernos europeos y de la UE para gestionar estos desafíos, las ideas y discursos que surgen en torno a ellos, y el papel que desempeñan los burócratas y los ciudadanos en los procesos ascendentes. La inteligencia artificial (IA) es el más nuevo de los desafíos mencionados y está sujeto a una mayor atención en la investigación de políticas públicas. Varios artículos abordan la IA analizando la gobernanza nacional o global de las tecnologías de IA (Büthe et al., 2022; Erman & Furendal, 2022; Radu, 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023b; Taeihagh, 2021; Ulnicane & Erkkilä, 2023), incluido el establecimiento de estándares (von Ingersleben-Seip, 2023), las percepciones de los ciudadanos y la relevancia de la confianza pública (Ingrams et al., 2021; Robles & Mallinson, 2023a; Schiff, Schiff, Adams, McCrain y Mourtgos, 2023) o el impacto de la IA “sobre el terreno” (Brunn, Diefenbacher, Courtet y Genieys, 2020; Selten, Robeer y Grimmelikhuijsen, 2023). Tras este reciente aumento del interés en la inteligencia artificial, Lemke, Trein y Varone (2024) se vinculan con una contribución que se basa metodológicamente en el análisis del discurso (Newman & Mintrom, 2023) y abre este número con una descripción integral del discurso alemán sobre AI. Su análisis sistemático incluye 6421 declaraciones de varias partes interesadas relevantes con un enfoque en cómo se define y encuadra la IA como un problema de política. Por lo tanto, el análisis sustenta que la IA (todavía) se percibe como una cuestión principalmente relacionada con la tecnología y, por lo tanto, se ubica en el sector político de la tecnología y la innovación. Por lo tanto, no es un tema donde dominen las cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos civiles, el trabajo o la educación, aunque la multitud de partes interesadas que enmarcan y definen el problema aumenta la incertidumbre en la definición del mismo. Además, el discurso destaca la necesidad de cooperación internacional. Dado que Alemania es un gran país europeo con un papel central en la Unión Europea (UE), ese énfasis en la cooperación internacional también se refiere a esfuerzos conjuntos a nivel europeo. Sin embargo, para poder abordar los problemas que preocupan a Europa, la UE debe tener la influencia necesaria y los Estados miembros también deben cumplir con las leyes adoptadas, lo que a menudo no es el caso (Brendler & Thomann, 2023; Heidbreder, 2017; Kriegmair, Rittberger, Zangl y Heinkelmann-Wild, 2022; Thomann y Sager, 2017). Clinton y Arregui (2024) analizan estas infracciones de la ley de la UE a nivel local y regional de los estados miembros de la UE para identificar explicaciones de por qué no se cumple la ley de la UE, lo que eventualmente obstaculiza la influencia de la UE en la solución de problemas entre países. Muestran que un aumento de la autonomía de las autoridades subestatales, especialmente también dentro de los países, y su voluntad de utilizar esta autonomía junto con una opinión pública negativa hacia la UE están asociados con un mayor número de infracciones. Por el contrario, los autores no encuentran una relación positiva entre las infracciones y la capacidad administrativa. Una visión más positiva de la capacidad de la Unión Europea para resolver problemas la proporciona un examen del sistema de comercio de derechos de emisión de la UE desde su introducción en 2005. En tres fases (2009-2013, 2014-2018 y 2019-2022), el desarrollo de un paradigma Se puede demostrar un cambio radical en el que recientemente ha prevalecido un paradigma de sostenibilidad. Wennick (2024) utiliza un análisis sistemático de documentos para mostrar este cambio cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Aplica un concepto de paradigma basado en Hall (1993) y ampliado por Kern, Kuzemko y Mitchell (2014) para distinguir cuatro dimensiones: marco interpretativo, objetivos de política, instrumentos de política e instituciones de gobernanza. Para estos cuatro niveles, identifica las ideas respectivas sobre crecimiento económico y clima, que denomina impulsores del cambio de paradigma. El siguiente artículo adopta una perspectiva comparada para explicar las diferentes cifras de muertes por Covid-19 en los Estados miembros de la UE, el Reino Unido, Suiza y (Farkas & Rácz, 2024). La variable se con el de de de la de Our World in Data Una del de por de en el de Europa, especialmente en los países el de Los países que los países con un de de de Europa Central y El artículo utiliza análisis de para el poder de diferentes variables para la del de y un gran número de y se con un de Por el contrario, no se puede demostrar una entre una gran de por en el y el de A las instituciones políticas y la capacidad del Estado están con el de Sin embargo, el se más se los de países y se entre las fases con y papel más de los burócratas de la en las políticas (Arnold, 2013; Brodkin, 2012; Edri-Peer et al., 2023), Niva Golan-Nadir (2024) se en una de la política por la en Israel para qué a los a en en a nivel el artículo que la la relacionada y la de de a los burócratas a más en un tema y para aumentar su Este causal se con el caso del una que con su en la de los de kosher en 2021. en de opinión de y análisis de documentos y El cómo el Director General del un de gran pública y atención hacia los del sector como una de para la de del su muestran cómo las y el y el cambio en de no se puede la de los procesos de hacia la contribución de este número sobre las de de políticas de hacia un enfoque de Bogo y Falanga (2024) la y la del en Portugal, es la de en los ciudadanos sobre el y 2022). Los autores muestran cómo los su en Portugal en cuatro de su introducción en 2002. Este crecimiento entre por el del de y los un mayor enfoque en los de y el del entre los gobiernos de en el del El análisis de 134 entre 2002 y 2019 que la de las se en la de aunque la por ha desde 2009. A de 2019, la de las de del 2% de lo que un impacto Los autores aunque el como se ha en Portugal desde de la de un papel en la (per y no utiliza su de de", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "Editorial: The Contingency Perspective to Crisis Management", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12177", "year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "Sanneke Kuipers" ], "source": "Risk Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy", "abstract": "The crisis and disaster literature has come a long way, from a focus on unique cases with little external validity of each separate analysis, to a more encompassing approach of ‘all hazards’ and a variety of crises that reveal more patterns and common characteristics than previously acknowledged (Kalbassi, 2017; Topper & Lagadec, 2013). In addition, scholars moved from a more limited event focus to an approach that includes the accumulation of deficiencies and anomalies that precede events in the weeks, months or years prior, and they also increasingly study the psychosocial aftermath of crises (Dückers, Yzermans, Jong, & Boin, 2017; La Porte, 2018; Roux-Dufort, 2007). Yet because of a predominance of case studies, the type of crisis is still often treated as a ‘given’ rather than a variable. Patrick Kenis, Schol, Kraaij-Dirkzwager, and Timen (2019), argue that the crisis literature should adopt a contingency perspective to threats and crises. The contingency perspective holds that no single best response to threats or crises exists. Rather appropriate responses are contingent upon the crisis type or task at hand. The crisis literature unfortunately does offer limited guidance in terms of distinguishing crisis types and relating those to more or less effective responses (Kalbassi, 2017). In this issue of Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, Patrick Kenis, Lianne Schol, Marleen Kraaij-Dirkzwager and Aura Timen discuss the contingency perspective in relation to the governance of infectious disease threats. The authors first categorize infectious disease threats in terms of complexity (varying between simple, complicated and complex) on the dimensions ‘knowledge’, ‘expertise’ and ‘scope’. If a threat scores high on zero or one out of three dimensions, it is relatively simple. If the pending crisis raises flags on two dimensions, the situation becomes complicated and if a situation checks all the boxes: complexity rules. The authors argue that different network governance approaches are appropriate for the different degrees of complexity. The infectious diseases in the most complex category requires a ‘core-periphery network’ to adapt flexibly to the trying conditions of a rapidly evolving situation (the scope: spread, velocity, severity) which is simultaneously characterized by high uncertainty (the ‘unknown-ness’ of the disease) and/or the escalation of societal and political interest (the perception dimension). The other articles in the current issue of RHCPP share the contingency approach with the authors above. Amber Silver's contribution, ‘Public Attention to Risks, Hazards and Disasters: A Retrospective Review and Proposed Conceptual Model’ discusses the role of public attention starting from the moment of initial exposure, through the iterative process of sense making, leading to responsive behavior in relation to risks or disasters. She studies patterns of communication and response in cases of extreme weather events. The article highlights how individual attention to and interpretation of risk and impending disaster is a very social process, where a critical mass defines which issues gain traction, where group members self-moderate misinformation, and collectively interpret new information through for instance social media (Silver, 2019). Veronica Strandh also looks at crises and disasters across the board, focusing on the diversity of voluntary engagement in crisis management in her article “Crisis Volunteerism is the New Black?” In line with the contingency approach addressed by Kenis et al. (2019), she claims that different types of voluntary engagement can be discerned (hence, different responses), and that they take on different roles, in response to different types of crises. Volunteers from faith-based organizations can play a fundamentally different role in response to a terrorist attack or so-called ‘social’ crises than the engagement of the Red Cross in response to forest fires. The role of traditional volunteer organizations (the expanding organizations in the Disaster Research Centre typology, cf. Dynes, 1994: 151) is well known in this respect, but Strandh emphasizes that extending and emergent organizations (type III and IV in Dynes’ typology) are on the rise in response to crises and disasters, that they are highly heterogeneous and ill-understood. Meanwhile, in the Swedish case study of Strandh, the need for their inclusion increases when membership of traditional organizations is ageing and declining, and the social impact of crises is more likely to stem from future conflict situations and social unrest than only from forest fires and floods. A diversification of volunteer involvement in preparedness and response should therefore no longer be a peripheral concern (Strandh, 2019). Next, Monika Rydstedt Nyman (2019) looks into collective learning in public organizations dealing with crises. She studies the barriers and opportunities for organizational learning from infrastructure accidents due to climate change-induced extreme weather events. The latter are likely occur regularly, yet the involved public organizations do not provide an incentives structure for double-loop learning (i.e. learning in order to not just repair, but avoid or respond better to the next event). Double loop processes imply that errors and anomalies are reported and that solutions to overcome these in future situations feed forward into the organization, resulting in change in cognition and behavior. The study reports that technical solutions (fixes or repairs) are favored over more cognitive, organizational learning, and that experience in prior crises on how to improve the swift deployment of resources and involve other organizations in the response did not translate into organizational learning and organizational changes. Local respondents feel unsupported by strategic management levels to establish learning loops to collectively deal with crisis situations in new and improved ways. The study shows how interaction between stakeholders positively contributes to their knowledge on the crises and the response options, but that challenges remain to adopt these lessons in a shared organizational knowledge base and changed organizational behavior (Rydstedt-Nyman, 2019). Last, John Van Trijp (2019) et al discern six crisis types and relate these to organizational resilience, defined as ‘learning to improve itself by withstanding, surviving and adapting to crisis demands’ (Van Trijp, Boersma, Van Trijp, & Groenewegen, 2019: 3). They employ a survey to study the organizational resilience of twenty-five Dutch safety regions (multi-disciplinary emergency preparedness and response organizations at the regional level in the Netherlands) in relation to hazards and crises in their service area. Surprisingly, they find no difference between the crisis types in how they affect resilience. They find that the quality of communication during, before and after a crisis between stakeholders internally and externally to these safety regions is a key ingredient for successful crisis mitigation and cooperation. Also, they find that volunteer firefighters evaluate the resilience of their safety region significantly lower than their colleagues with an employment contract at the fire services. This lower score on resilience in the surveys may result from a lower engagement of volunteers with the organization and an increase of bureaucratic procedures and top-down quality management that particularly volunteer fire fighters experience as an organizational constraint (Van Trijp, 2019). The contingency perspective tells us to look into patterns across cases and discern between different situations that require different forms of crisis management. The above contributions do just that. They provide valid insights beyond the cases studied. First of all the studies reach beyond the event defined as a critical episode in time, as these insights pertain to preparedness and learning. Second of all, conclusions apply beyond the event as unique in terms of scope and space, as these insights transcend the particularities of the individual cases. Sanneke Kuipers 从聚焦于每个不同分析都几乎没有外部合法性的独特案例，到针对“所有灾害”和一系列危机（显示出的模式和共同特征都比以往所认可的更多）的、更具包容性的措施(Kalbassi, 2017; Topper and Lagadec, 2013)，危机灾害文献已经历了长久的发展。此外，学者从聚焦于限制性更多的事件，转向一种能将灾害发生前几周、几个月、几年的缺陷和异常（事件）全部积累起来应对的措施，学者还越来越多地研究危机发生后的心理社会后果(Roux-Dufort, 2007; La Porte, 2018; Dückers et al, 2017)。 然而由于案例研究的主导性，危机类型仍被视为一个“给定量”，而非变量。Patrick Kenis 等人 (2019)主张，危机文献应针对威胁和危机采取一个应急视角。这种应急视角认为，没有任何一个响应能完美应对威胁和危机。而适宜的响应取决于危机类型或即将到来的任务。遗憾的是，就区别危机类型，将危机类型与或多好少有效的响应相联系而言，危机文献只能提供有限的指示(Kalbassi, 2017)。 本期《公共政策之风险、灾害、危机》（RHCPP）中，作者 Patrick Kenis、Lianne Schol、Marleen Kraaij-Dirkzwager 、Aura Timen探讨了与传染性疾病威胁治理相关的应急视角。作者首先从“知识”、“专业”、“范围”三个方面，就复杂性（从简单、混乱到复杂）对传染病威胁进行了分类。如果威胁在这三个方面不得分，或仅在一个方面得分高，则被视为相对简单。如果即将发生的危机在两个方面上得分高，情况则变得相对混乱，如果危机在三个方面得分高，则适用于：复杂性规则。作者主张，不同网络治理措施适用于不同程度的复杂性。复杂性最高的传染性疾病需要一个“核心-边缘网络”来灵活适应难以应对的快速发展情况（范围：扩散、速度、严重性），这种情况同时还具备高不稳定性（即疾病的未知性）和/或社会利益、政治利益的攀升（感知层面）。 本期RHCPP收录的其他文章与上述作者一样研究了应急措施。作者Amber Silver在文章《公众对风险、危害和灾害的关注：一项回顾性评论和概念模型》中探讨了公共关注的作用——从最初（灾害）事件的暴露，通过意义建构的迭代过程，导致与风险或灾害相关的响应态度。作者研究了极端天气事件中的传播响应模式。这篇文章强调了个人对风险和即将来临的灾害的关注和诠释，如何是一个极具社交性的过程，在这个过程里，关键群众定义了哪些议题应受到关注，团队成员自我审核错误信息，集体通过社交媒体等诠释新信息(Silver, 2019)。 作者Veronica Strandh也全面研究了危机和灾害，她在《危机志愿服务再现？》一文中聚焦于危机管理中志愿参与的多样性。与Kenis等人（2019）所研究的应急措施一致的是，作者认为能识别不同类型的志愿参与（因此也能识别不同响应），同时志愿参与类型发挥不同作用，应对不同危机。与红十字会的参与相比，服务于基于信仰的机构志愿者在应对恐怖袭击，或森林火灾这类所谓的“社会”危机一事上发挥的作用完全不同。传统志愿者机构 (灾害研究中心之扩增机构的类型学，参见Dynes, 1994: 151) 在这方面发挥的作用已被熟知，但Strandh 强调，扩增的新兴机构（Dynes类型学中的第三类和第四类）数量正在增多，以应对危机和灾害，这类机构具备显著异质性，但被误解。同时，Strandh在这篇以瑞士为例的案例研究中指出，当传统机构成员变老逝去时，上述新兴机构的需求便会增加，并且危机造成的社会影响也更有可能源于未来冲突情况和社会动荡，而不仅是源自森林火灾或水灾。灾害预备响应过程中的多样化志愿参与因此不应只是一个边缘事件(Strandh, 2019)。 接下来，作者Monika Rydstedt Nyman (2019)研究了应对危机的公共组织集体学习。作者研究了组织从“由气候变化导致极端天气事件所引起的基础设施事故”中学习的障碍和机遇。这类极端事件很可能有规律地发生，然而相应的公共组织不能为双环学习（即学习不仅是为了灾害修复，还用于避免或更好地响应下一次事件）提供激励。双环过程暗示，误差和异常以报告形式呈现，未来的解决方案以前馈方式进入组织，导致认知和态度的转变。研究表明，认知性、组织性更强的学习更加偏好技术解决方案（修复或补救），而且以往危机中有关如何提高快速有效的资源利用、让其他组织介入响应过程的经历，并没有转换成组织学习，引起组织变化。地方响应者没有感受到战略管理的帮助，以建立学习环路，进而以新的、改良的方式集体应对危急情况。研究展示了利益攸关者之间的互动如何为其在关于危机和响应方式上的知识作出积极贡献，但将经验融入一个共享组织知识库、组织态度发生转变，这依然是现存的挑战 (Rydstedt-Nyman, 2019)。 最后，作者John Van Trijp 等人(2019)识别了六种危机类型，将其与组织弹性相联系，这种组织弹性被定义为“通过承受、存活、适应危机需求，进而学习以提高自身”(Van Trijp et al, 2019: 3)。作者通过一项调查，研究了25个荷兰安全区（负责跨学科应急预备响应的地区级组织）的组织弹性，以及与安全区服务领域中灾害危机之间的联系。出乎意料的是，作者发现就如何影响弹性而言，危机类型之间不存在差异。作者发现，从危机发生之前到危机结束后，安全区内外部利益攸关者之间的（风险）传播质量是一个（决定）危机缓解和合作取得成功的关键因素。作者还发现，志愿消防员与在消防部门工作的同事相比，前者对安全区弹性的评价显著低于后者。调查得出的弹性得分较低，可能归因于志愿者在组织中的较少参与程度，增加的官僚步骤，和自上而下的质量管理——志愿消防员尤其经历了这样的组织限制(Van Trijp, 2019)。 应急视角告诉我们应研究各个案例模式，识别出需要不同危机管理形式的情况。上述文章为此作出了贡献。文章提供的合理见解不仅限于研究案例。第一，由于这些见解与（灾害）预备和学习有关，研究超出了被定义为一段时间内的关键情节事件。第二，结论不仅适用于在范围和空间上的特殊事件，因为这些见解跨越了个例的特殊性。 Sanneke Kuipers La literatura sobre crisis y desastres ha recorrido un largo camino, desde un enfoque en casos únicos con poca validez externa de cada análisis por separado, hasta un enfoque más abarcador de \"todos los peligros\" y una variedad de crisis que revelan más patrones y características comunes que antes reconocido (Kalbassi, 2017; Topper y Lagadec, 2013). Además, los académicos pasaron de un enfoque de evento más limitado a un enfoque que incluye la acumulación de deficiencias y anomalías que preceden a los eventos en las semanas, meses o años anteriores, y también estudian cada vez más las consecuencias psicosociales de las crisis (Roux-Dufort, 2007; La Porte, 2018; Dückers et al, 2017). Sin embargo, debido al predominio de los estudios de caso, el tipo de crisis todavía se trata a menudo como un \"dado\" en lugar de una variable. Patrick Kenis et al (2019), argumentan que la literatura sobre crisis debería adoptar una perspectiva de contingencia ante amenazas y crisis. La perspectiva de contingencia sostiene que no existe una mejor respuesta a las amenazas o crisis. Más bien, las respuestas apropiadas están supeditadas al tipo de crisis o tarea en cuestión. Desafortunadamente, la literatura sobre crisis ofrece una orientación limitada en términos de distinguir los tipos de crisis y relacionarlos con respuestas más o menos efectivas (Kalbassi, 2017). En esta edición de Risks, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, Patrick Kenis, Lianne Schol, Marleen Kraaij-Dirkzwager y Aura Timen discuten la perspectiva de contingencia en relación con la gestión de las amenazas de enfermedades infecciosas. Los autores primero categorizan las amenazas de enfermedades infecciosas en términos de complejidad (que varía entre simples, complicadas y complejas) en las dimensiones \"conocimiento\", \"experiencia\" y \"alcance\". Si una amenaza tiene una puntuación alta en cero o en una de las tres dimensiones, es relativamente simple. Si la crisis pendiente levanta banderas en dos dimensiones, la situación se complica y si una situación marca todas las casillas: las reglas de complejidad. Los autores argumentan que los diferentes enfoques de gobernanza de la red son apropiados para los diferentes grados de complejidad. Las enfermedades infecciosas en la categoría más compleja requieren que una 'red centro-periferia' se adapte de manera flexible a las condiciones difíciles de una situación que evoluciona rápidamente (el alcance: propagación, velocidad, gravedad) que se caracteriza simultáneamente por una alta incertidumbre (que tan desconocida es la enfermedad) y / o la escalada del interés social y político (la dimensión de la percepción). Los otros artículos en la edición actual de RHCPP comparten el enfoque de contingencia con los autores anteriores. La contribución de Amber Silver, 'Atención pública a riesgos, peligros y desastres: una revisión retrospectiva y un modelo conceptual propuesto' analiza el papel de la atención pública a partir del momento de la exposición inicial, a través del proceso iterativo de creación de sentido, conduciendo a un comportamiento sensible en relación con riesgos o desastres. Ella estudia patrones de comunicación y respuesta en casos de fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. El artículo destaca cómo la atención individual y la interpretación del riesgo y el desastre inminente es un proceso muy social, donde una masa crítica define qué problemas ganan terreno, donde los miembros del grupo se auto-moderan la información errónea e interpretan colectivamente nueva información a través de las redes sociales, (Silver, 2019). Veronica Strandh también analiza las crisis y los desastres en todos los ámbitos, centrándose en la diversidad del compromiso voluntario en la gestión de crisis en su artículo “¿El Voluntariado de Crisis es el Nuevo Negro?” En línea con el enfoque de contingencia abordado por Kenis et al (2019), afirma que se pueden discernir diferentes tipos de compromiso voluntario (por lo tanto, diferentes respuestas), y que asumen diferentes roles, en respuesta a diferentes tipos de crisis. Los voluntarios de organizaciones religiosas pueden desempeñar un papel fundamentalmente diferente en respuesta a un ataque terrorista o las llamadas crisis \"sociales\" que la participación de la Cruz Roja en respuesta a los incendios forestales. El papel de las organizaciones de voluntarios tradicionales (las organizaciones en expansión en la tipología del Centro de Investigación de Desastres, véase Dynes, 1994, 151) es bien conocido a este respecto, pero Strandh enfatiza que las organizaciones en expansión y emergentes (tipo III y IV en la tipología de Dynes) están en aumento en respuesta a crisis y desastres, que son altamente heterogéneos y mal comprendidos. Mientras tanto, en el estudio de caso sueco de Strandh, la necesidad de su inclusión aumenta cuando la membresía de organizaciones tradicionales está envejeciendo y disminuyendo, y el impacto social de las crisis es más probable que surja de futuras situaciones de conflicto y malestar social que solo de incendios forestales y inundaciones Por lo tanto, una diversificación de la participación de los voluntarios en la preparación y la respuesta ya no debería ser una preocupación periférica (Strandh, 2019). A continuación, Monika Rydstedt Nyman (2019) analiza el aprendizaje colectivo en organizaciones públicas que se enfrentan a crisis. Estudia las barreras y las oportunidades para el aprendizaje organizacional de los accidentes de infraestructura debido a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos inducidos por el cambio climático. Es probable que estos últimos ocurran con regularidad, pero las organizaciones públicas involucradas no proporcionan una estructura de incentivos para el aprendizaje de doble ciclo (es decir, el aprendizaje no solo para reparar, sino para evitar o responder mejor al próximo evento). Los procesos de doble bucle implican que se informan errores y anomalías y que las soluciones para superarlos en situaciones futuras se incorporan a la organización, lo que da como resultado un cambio en la cognición y el comportamiento. El estudio informa que las soluciones técnicas (reparaciones o reparaciones) se favorecen sobre más aprendizaje cognitivo y organizativo, y que la experiencia en crisis anteriores sobre cómo mejorar el rápido despliegue de recursos e involucrar a otras organizaciones en la respuesta no se tradujo en aprendizaje organizativo y organización. cambios Los encuestados locales no se sienten apoyados por los niveles de gestión estratégica para establecer bucles de aprendizaje para enfrentar colectivamente las situaciones de crisis de formas nuevas y mejoradas. El estudio muestra cómo la interacción entre las partes interesadas contribuye positivamente a su conocimiento sobre las crisis y las opciones de respuesta, pero los desafíos siguen siendo la adopción de estas lecciones en una base de conocimiento organizacional compartida y un cambio en el comportamiento organizacional (Rydstedt-Nyman, 2019). Por último, John Van Trijp (2019) et al. distinguen seis tipos de crisis y los relacionan con la resiliencia organizacional, definida como \"aprender a mejorar a sí mismo al resistir, sobrevivir y adaptarse a las demandas de la crisis\" (Van Trijp et al, 2019: 3). Emplean una encuesta para estudiar la resiliencia organizativa de veinticinco regiones de seguridad holandesas (organizaciones de respuesta y asistencia multidisciplinaria a nivel regional en los Países Bajos) en relación con los peligros y las crisis en su área de servicio. Sorprendentemente, no encuentran diferencias entre los tipos de crisis en cómo afectan la resiliencia. Encuentran que la calidad de la comunicación durante, antes y después de una crisis entre las partes interesadas interna y externamente a estas regiones de seguridad es un ingrediente clave para el éxito de la mitigación de la crisis y la cooperación. Además, encuentran que los bomberos voluntarios evalúan la resistencia de su región de seguridad significativamente más baja que sus colegas con un contrato de trabajo en los servicios de bomberos. Este más en resiliencia en las a una participación de voluntarios con la y a un aumento de los y de la gestión de la calidad de a que en los voluntarios de los bomberos como una organizativa (Van Trijp, 2019). La perspectiva de la contingencia que los patrones en todos los casos y discernir entre diferentes situaciones que requieren diferentes formas de gestión de crisis. Las anteriores más de los casos En los estudios más del evento como un en el ya que estas se a la preparación y el En las se más del evento como en términos de y ya que estas las de los casos", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "元宇宙技术在医疗质量控制中的应用", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.61189/280960cuidjz", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 2, "authors": [ "元林 宋", "振举 宋", "菊英 钱", "维芃 蒋", "春学 白" ], "source": "元宇宙医学.", "abstract": "医疗质量控制对提升医疗服务、保障患者权益以及提高医疗效率至关重要。它如同一把精准的标尺，衡量每个医疗环节的达标情况。通过质量控制，能及时发现并纠正问题，包括诊断准确性、治疗适当性、用药合理性等，确保医疗服务的安全、有效、适宜和连贯。然而，当前医疗质量控制面临很多难点：（1）数据收集和处理工作量大，医疗数据种类多、来源复杂且分散，难以整合；（2）数据分析和利用困难，需要专业医疗人员解读、发现问题并提出改进方案；（3）质量控制监管不到位，需要完善医疗质量管理体系；（4）持续改进难度大，要求医疗机构有持续改进的动力和能力，并应用新技术赋能质量控制。将元宇宙去中心化数据共享技术应用于医疗质控，是医疗领域的一个重大创新。通过建立完善的质控体系，简化流程，强化监管，并大力提升质控人员素质，加强信息管理和效果评估，结合元宇宙技术的实时监控反馈优势，从而全面提升医疗服务质量：（1）构建去中心化医疗质控平台，实现医疗数据的实时采集、传输与分析，保障医疗质量实时监控与反馈；（2）利用去中心化技术优化医疗流程，提升效率并降低错误率；（3）实施远程医疗质控，让专家远程指导基层医疗工作；（4）深度挖掘与分析医疗质量数据， 发现规律并为持续改进提供依据；（5）开展医疗质量教育与培训，提升医护人员的质量意识与技能；（6）进行医疗质量预测与预警，实时分析数据，把握质量趋势。尽管物联网和元宇宙去中心化技术为医疗质控带来了新的机遇，仍存在技术不成熟、用户接受度低、数据安全与隐私保护以及使用成本等挑战。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 成本效率" }, { "title": "生态环境法典中现场检查权的多元主体结构之解释论建构", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.70693/rwsk.v2i6.529", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Yi Wang (32470)" ], "source": "人文与社会科学学刊", "abstract": "《中华人民共和国生态环境法典》通过第五十一条与第五十三条分别就现场检查权主体作出了突破性规定。本文以这两条规定为规范基础，将第五十一条中“负有生态环境保护监督管理职责的部门”这一不确定法律概念，解构为一个由“核心主体”（生态环境主管部门）与“协同主体”（其他负有相关职责的部门）构成的开放性集合。其次，深入辨析了第五十三条对设区的市级生态环境部门派出机构的授权性质，明确其为法律特别授权而非行政委托，并将其定位为衔接执法的“延伸主体”。最终，本文构建并系统论证了现场检查权主体“核心-协同-延伸”三位一体的解释框架体系。本研究旨在为法典施行后现场检查权主体的统一、规范认定提供清晰的解释路径。", "language": null, "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Behavioral analysis of contributors in China's open-source software ecosystem", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1360/ssi-2025-0329", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Zhe WANG", "Zhixing Li", "Tao WANG", "Yang ZHANG", "Minghui Zhou", "X.L. Liu" ], "source": "Scientia Sinica Informationis", "abstract": "The open-source software (OSS) ecosystem aggregates hundreds of millions of contributors and massive code repository resources.Open-source communities serve as a critical component of the ecosystem,effectively supporting global collaboration and playing a pivotal role in innovation activities across cutting-edge technological fields.In any practical activity,behavioral pattern is the overt manifestation of engagement,behavioral motivation serves as the internal driving force,and behavioral incentives act as external triggers that reinforce individual actions.This paper conducts an empirical study of Chinese OSS contributors' behavior,aiming at bridging the research gap in a systematic research on localized OSS practicesandadvancing the high-quality development of the OSS ecosystem in China.A mixed-methods research approach was adopted to construct a model examining Chinese OSS contributors'behavioral patterns, motivation, and incentives.The key findings are as follows.First,Chinese OSS contributors engage in both project-level participation and ecosystem-level participation,and code-related behaviors account for over 60% of contributions.While Chinese OSS practices exhibit diversity comparable to international OSS practices,there remains a relative lag in producing high-quality ecosystem-level outcomes.Second,Chinese contributors demonstrate significantly higher recognition of intrinsic motivation compared to extrinsic motivation.A striking 82% of contributors engage in OSS primarily for personal needs,while only 12% cite commercial conversion as a key motivator.Third,9 kinds of behavioral incentives were identified in Chinese OSS practices,and honor-based incentives are the most prevalent.Incentives relating to career advancement,though another significant kind,remain relatively underdeveloped in the Chinese OSS context.These findings provide empirically grounded evidence for designing OSS collaboration supporting mechanisms and fostering sustainable OSS ecosystems in China.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "供应链协同下化工企业备品备件存货管理的财务价值优化研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5642-0702-10", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "王梦歌" ], "source": "国际经济与管理", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "探索非物质文化遗产保护与活化之路", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2705-0653-0802-30", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "丽 李" ], "source": "教育理论与应用", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "文旅融合赋能区域经济高质量发展的路径研究 ——以重庆市大足区为例", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.67298/paper/270001", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "建 陈" ], "source": "嶺南科學工業學報", "abstract": "在高质量发展导向下，文旅融合已成为推动区域产业升级、消费扩容和发展方式转型的重要路径。以重庆市大足区为例，基于赋能理论构建“驱动—转化—结果”三层分析框架，系统考察文旅融合赋能区域经济高质量发展的传导机制。研究发现：文旅融合赋能区域经济高质量发展的动力具有多源性，主要表现为资源禀赋激活、政策制度支撑、市场需求拉动与数字技术赋能四重驱动力的协同作用；赋能效能的释放高度依赖服务体系优化、产业协同联动与品牌溢出效应三条中介传导路径，其中品牌溢出效应是世界遗产地情境下区别于一般旅游目的地的特殊赋能通道；文旅融合赋能区域经济高质量发展的结果效能具有多维性，集中体现为经济规模提升与产业结构优化、消费带动与就业吸纳、服务供给能力提升以及区域协同联动增强。研究同时表明，大足区当前文旅融合赋能进程呈现出\"驱动力较强、转化路径存在短板、结果效能有待全面释放\"的阶段性特征，“文旅供给不够丰富”“服务体系不够完善”是制约赋能效率提升的核心约束。基于此，本文从深化资源激活、疏通传导路径和提升发展效能三个层面推进政策优化，有助于丰富文旅融合赋能区域经济高质量发展的机制解释，并为同类世界遗产地型旅游目的地提供实践参考。", "language": null, "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Prevalence and distribution patterns of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line antituberculosis drugs in Urumqi, China", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01370-25", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Jiandong Yang", "Pengwei Lou", "Weisheng Zhang", "Yanggui Chen", "Yaoqin Lu", "Na Xue", "Peisheng Wang", "Kai Wang" ], "source": "Microbiology Spectrum", "abstract": "ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the epidemic status and distribution characteristics of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Urumqi. From January 2019 to July 2024, all sputum culture-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were collected in Urumqi. Using the traditional solid-state proportion method for drug-sensitivity testing, we determined the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line antituberculosis (TB) drugs. The epidemic status and distribution characteristics of first-line antituberculosis drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis were analyzed using R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Among the 1,241 culture-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains included in this analysis, 973 (78.40%) were smear positive. The overall proportion of non-tuberculous mycobacteria was 2.5%. The overall prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) was 18.93%, with a prevalence of 17.78% in new cases and 24.40% in retreatment cases, respectively. In this survey, the overall prevalence was 10.91% (132 out of 1,210) for mono-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 3.72% (45 out of 1,210) for polydrug-resistant tuberculosis, and 4.30% (52 out of 1,210) for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Moreover, the patterns of resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs were highly diverse. The drug-resistance rate among retreatment tuberculosis patients in Urumqi remains notably high. Thus, enhancing drug-resistance surveillance in these patients is critical for effective tuberculosis prevention and control in the region. IMPORTANCE The result of this study indicated that DR-TB is a serious public health problem in Urumqi. Resistance drugs distributed type to first-line anti-TB drugs are very broad in Urumqi. Any resistance to anti-TB drugs in new cases is more than in retreatment cases.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "跨学科协同教学在建筑学专业人才培养中的实践与反思", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-4333-0404-15", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "宁雯铂" ], "source": "工程技术创新与发展", "abstract": "随着全球城市化进程加速、技术革新迅猛以及社会需求日益多元，建筑学专业所面临的挑战已远超传统 设计范畴。单一学科知识体系难以应对复杂的城市问题、可持续发展议题与数字技术变革。在此背景下，跨学科协同 教学成为建筑学教育改革的重要路径。本文通过梳理跨学科协同教学的理论基础，结合国内外典型教学实践案例，系 统分析其在建筑学专业人才培养中的实施模式、成效与困境，并在此基础上提出优化策略。研究表明，跨学科协同教 学有助于提升学生的综合素养、创新能力和解决复杂问题的能力，但其有效实施仍需克服课程体系割裂、师资结构局限、 评价机制滞后等现实障碍。未来建筑学教育应以“问题导向”和“能力本位”为核心，构建制度化、常态化的跨学科 协同育人机制。", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 价值创造" }, { "title": "Complexities of policy design, institutional change, and multilevel governance", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1164", "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Nils C. Bandelow", "Johanna Hornung", "Fritz Sager", "Ilana Schröder" ], "source": "European Policy Analysis", "abstract": "The first contribution in this issue deals with the complexities of influence, relationships, and demands in academic policy advisory systems. Migone et al. (2022) investigate the provision of academic advice in Canadian policy processes. Using a survey on policy-related activities of university researchers in business, engineering, health, and politics, the authors identify relationships and the reciprocal demand between academics and (non)governmental or private sector actors. Over 80% of respondents partnered at least once with extern stakeholders, mostly from private and nongovernmental institutions. The differentiation between academic disciplines shows that researchers in politics and health are more likely to give policy advice to public institutions and NGOs while academics in business and especially engineering conduct research mostly with and for private sector partners. Academic policy interaction was most frequent between the public sector and health academics, and the private sector and engineering experts. The survey results on these elite groups of so-called “super-users” and “hyper-experts” (May et al., 2016) indicate that the academics' field of study drives policy advice more than their rank. Contributing to the research on policy formulation and policy adoption, the subsequent article investigates the autonomy of policy instrument attitudes (APIA). Policy instruments can be understood as “techniques of governance that are used to give effect to stated policy objectives” (Howlett, 2022, p. 3). Attitudes toward these “techniques of governance” are discussed as changing depending on related policy problems and objectives (“contingentists”) or as universal preferences for an instrument, relatively independent of the context (“instrumentalists”). The latter, as argued by Veselý (2021), suggests that pre-existing attitudes precede and therefore highly influence the decision for policy instruments. To empirically test this argument, Nekola et al. (2022) conducted a cross-sectional survey of students at Czech universities who were asked to assess the suitability of multiple policy instruments to solve problems in five policy domains. In general, information instruments were evaluated as more suitable than finance or regulation instruments across policy domains. However, the individual-level aggregation of policy instrument attitudes showed that most students change their preference depending on the respective policy problem and domain, therefore challenging the APIA concept. Neef et al. (2022) transfer the discussion on policy design to the institutional level and contribute to this issue with an investigation of institutional design strategies and their influence on institutional change. The authors build on Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework (Ostrom, 1990; Schlager & Cox, 2017) and Teisman's rounds model (2002) to identify how actors use institutional design strategies through a perspective on institutional directions, changing rules, and decision-making rounds. Including research stays, interviews, and document analyses, Neef et al. conducted an in-depth comparative study of two Dutch infrastructure administrations and the institutional design strategies they used to achieve institutional change for collective action. The analysis showed that specific configurations of strategies, mimicking behavior, and nonintentional microlevel strategies (puzzling, powering, framing) can progress the institutional change process. The argued interrelated nature of microlevel and mesolevel institutional design strategies further highlights the complexity of driving institutional change in interactive, multifactor decision-making processes. Complementing the previous studies in national settings, the following articles extend the scope of complexities in policy-making to multilevel governance. Cunico et al. (2022) add to the understanding of these complexities with an analysis of decision-making mechanisms in European Union (EU) cohesion policy and their relation to implementation problems in Italian regions. The authors apply a system dynamics approach to investigate reasons for repeatedly low regional absorption rates of EU structural funds. To sanction authorities for their incapability to spend given resources, the EU implemented a policy that reduces future financial contributions. In their in-depth comparative study, Cunico and colleagues show that this financial deadline mechanism might have caused unintended negative effects on low-performing regions like Calabria, as they had to focus on solving consequences (low absorption rate) instead of the underlying problems (low administrative capacity). The article concludes with propositions for policy interventions to reconsider the traps of EU cohesion policy decision making. In the subsequent article, Dias et al. (2022) continue the discussion on EU cohesion policy and embed it in a broader picture of conceptual shortcomings and implications of shifting modes of governance in the EU context. The authors propose an understanding that addresses the 2021–2027 EU cohesion policy framework (“Europeanization” of public policies) as well as the EU Territorial Agenda 2030 (paradigm shift from “space” to “territory”). In doing so, Dias et al. elaborate on the theoretical foundations and academic as well as political developments of public, multilevel, and territorial governance in the EU. They discuss the changing power position of the nation-state as the former “sole protagonist of public policy and service” due to globalization, growing networks, and shifting hierarchies of governance levels. They further outline gaps in the currently dominating EU concept of multilevel governance and emphasize the dynamic, constantly changing nature of governance and state models. Pascal D. König (2022) closes this year's final issue of EPA with an analysis of the EU's digital policy developments since the 2010 Digital Agenda. Combining policy analysis with institutional economics, he adopts the resource regime perspective (Blake et al., 2020; Young, 1982) and illustrates how the EU's interrelated digital policies combine into a comprehensive, overarching data governance regime. Analyzing media and policy documents, König highlights to which extent the EU's digital strategies since 2010 have been mutually complementing each other over different policy areas and have been directed toward a common approach to manage the extraction and use of vertical and horizontal data flows. The paper identifies several elements which served as building blocks for the coherent data governance regime, with particular emphasis on the importance of the development of a regulatory environment that structures the relations and interactions between involved stakeholders. The paper suggests that the interrelation of EU's digital policies and thereby the creation of an EU data governance regime ultimately creates a priority position for EU businesses and reduces the competitive advantages of non-EU industries. On behalf of the EPA editorial team, we would like to express our gratitude to everybody who has supported the journal so generously this year. A very warm thank you to our authors, reviewers, editorial board members, and all supporters and readers beyond. We wish you a happy holiday season and a great start to the new year. We are looking forward to continuing with the next EPA issue in February 2023. Cheers! The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. 又一年即将过去，这一年再次强调了我们生活在一个相互关联且复杂的世界。全球化、技术、社会和政治网络、国际条约、以及跨边界环境、健康与安全问题只是其中的几个例子。这不仅使个人决策和社会决策复杂化，而且对区域、国家和多层次的决策提出了具体挑战。我们很高兴介绍今年最后一期《欧洲政策分析》（EPA），本期收录了六篇文章，聚焦于与政策设计和实施、制度变革以及欧盟治理相关的复杂性。 本期的第一篇文章研究了影响力、关系和需求在学术政策咨询系统中的复杂性。Migone et al. (2022) 调查了加拿大政策过程中学术建议的提供情况。通过对商业、工程、健康和政治学科的大学研究人员的政策相关活动进行调查，作者识别了学者与（非）政府或私营部门行动者之间的关系和相互需求。超过80%的受访者至少与外部利益攸关方（主要来自私营和非政府机构）合作过一次。学科之间的差异表明，政治和卫生领域的研究人员更有可能向公共机构和非政府组织提供政策建议，而商业领域的学者，尤其是工程领域的学者主要与私营部门合作伙伴开展研究。公共部门和卫生学者之间的学术政策互动、以及私营部门和工程专家之间的学术政策互动最为频繁。对这些所谓的“超级用户”和“超级专家”（hyper-experts）（May et al., 2016）精英群体的调查结果表明，学者的研究领域比其职位更能推动政策建议。 第二篇文章对政策制定和政策采纳的研究作贡献，研究了政策工具态度（APIA）的自主性。政策工具可被理解为“用于实现既定政策目标的治理技术”（Howlett, 2022, p. 3）。对待这些“治理技术”的态度被认为会根据相关的政策问题和目标而变化（“条件主义者”），或者作为相对独立于情境的普遍工具偏好（“工具主义者”）。正如 Veselý（2021）所论证的那样，工具主义者暗示，预先存在的态度先于政策工具决策，并因此高度影响后者。为了实证检验这一论点，Nekola et al. (2022) 对捷克大学的学生进行了一项横断面调查，受访者被要求评估多种政策工具在“解决五个政策领域中的问题”方面的适用性。整体上，信息工具被评估为比金融工具或监管工具更适合跨政策领域。不过，个人层面的总体政策工具态度表明，大多数学生会根据相应的政策问题和领域改变其偏好，这因此对 APIA 概念提出了挑战。 Neef et al. (2022) 将关于政策设计的讨论转移到制度层面，并通过调查制度设计策略及其对制度变革的影响，为本期内容作贡献。基于奥斯特罗姆提出的制度分析与发展（IAD）框架（Ostrom，1990；Schlager & Cox，2017）和Teisman提出的轮次模型（2002），作者透过制度方向、不断变化的规则以及决策轮次的视角，识别了行动者如何使用制度设计策略。通过研究拜访（research stays）、访谈与文献分析，Neef等人对两个荷兰基础设施管理部门及其用于实现集体行动制度变革的制度设计策略进行了深度比较研究。分析表明，特定的策略配置、模仿行为以及无意的微观层面策略（分析问题、动员、建构）能推进制度变革过程。微观和中观层面的制度设计策略的相互关联性进一步强调了“在具备互动性、涉及多行动者的决策过程中推动制度变革”一事的复杂性。 以下文章将决策中的复杂性范围扩展到多层治理，补充了国家背景下的以往研究。Cunico et al. (2022) 通过分析欧盟（EU）凝聚力政策中的决策机制及其与意大利地区的决策实施问题的关系，进而促进了对这些复杂性的理解。作者应用系统动态（SD）方法，调查了地区对欧盟结构性基金的低吸收率一事反复出现的原因。为了制裁无法使用特定资源的当局，欧盟实施了一项减少未来财政捐助的政策。通过深度比较研究，Cunico及其同事表明，这种财务期限机制可能对卡拉布里亚等低绩效地区造成了意想不到的负面影响，因为这些地区不得不聚焦于解决后果（低吸收率）而不是潜在问题（行政能力低下）。文章最后提出了政策干预建议，用于重新考量欧盟凝聚力政策决策的陷阱。 下一篇文章中，Dias et al. (2022) 继续探讨欧盟凝聚力政策，并将其置于更广的情境中，即概念缺陷和欧盟情境下治理模式转变的影响。作者提出了对2021-2027年欧盟凝聚力政策框架（公共政策的“欧洲化”）和2030年欧盟领土议程（从“空间”到“领土”的范式转变）的理解。为此，Dias等人详述了欧盟公共治理、多层治理和领土治理的理论基础、学术发展以及政治发展。作者探讨了民族国家作为前“公共政策和服务的唯一主角” 所出现的权力地位变化，这种变化归因于全球化、不断增长的网络、以及不断变化的治理层级。作者进一步概述了当前占主导地位的欧盟多层治理概念的不足，并强调了治理和国家模式的动态及其不断变化的性质。 今年最后一期EPA以Pascal D. König（2022）的文章结尾。他分析了自2010年数字议程以来的欧盟数字政策发展。通过结合政策分析与制度经济学，他采用资源制度视角（Young, 1982; Blake et al., 2020），并阐述了欧盟相互关联的数字政策如何结合成一个全面的、总体的数据治理制度。通过分析媒体和政策文件，König强调了自2010年以来欧盟的数字战略在多大程度上在不同的政策领域相互补充，并被用于一项通用方法，以期管理垂直和水平数据流的提取和使用。文章识别了一致数据治理制度的几个要素，特别强调了发展监管环境的重要性，该监管环境能构建相关利益攸关方之间的关系和互动。文章表明，欧盟数字政策的相互关系以及由此建立的欧盟数据治理制度最终为欧盟企业创造了优先地位，并降低了非欧盟产业的竞争优势。 我们谨代表EPA编辑团队，向今年慷慨支持该杂志的所有人表示感谢。非常感谢我们的作者、审稿人、编委会成员以及所有支持者和读者。我们祝您假日季快乐，新的一年有一个美好的开始。我们期待在 2023 年 2 月继续出版下一期 EPA。再见！ Casi ha pasado otro año, destacando una vez más el mundo interconectado y complejo en el que vivimos. La globalización, la tecnología, las redes sociales y políticas, los tratados internacionales, así como los problemas ambientales, de salud y de seguridad transfronterizos son solo algunos ejemplos. Esto no solo complica las decisiones individuales y sociales, sino que también plantea desafíos específicos para la formulación de políticas regionales, nacionales y multinivel. Nos complace presentar el último número de este año de European Policy Analysis (EPA) que comprende seis contribuciones sobre las complejidades que acompañan al diseño y la implementación de políticas, el cambio institucional y la gobernanza en la Unión Europea. La primera contribución de este número trata sobre las complejidades de la influencia, las relaciones y las demandas en los sistemas de asesoramiento sobre políticas académicas. Migone et al. (2022) investigan la provisión de asesoramiento académico en los procesos de políticas canadienses. Usando una encuesta sobre actividades relacionadas con políticas de investigadores universitarios en negocios, ingeniería, salud y política, los autores identifican las relaciones y la demanda recíproca entre académicos y actores (no) gubernamentales o del sector privado. Más del 80 por ciento de los encuestados se asoció al menos una vez con partes interesadas externas, en su mayoría de instituciones privadas y no gubernamentales. La diferenciación entre disciplinas académicas muestra que es más probable que los investigadores en política y salud brinden asesoramiento sobre políticas a instituciones públicas y ONG, mientras que los académicos en negocios y especialmente en ingeniería realizan investigaciones principalmente con y para socios del sector privado. La interacción de política académica fue más frecuente entre el sector público y los académicos de la salud, y el sector privado y los expertos en ingeniería. Los resultados de la encuesta sobre estos grupos de élite de los llamados \"superusuarios\" e \"hiperexpertos\" (May et al., 2016) indican que el campo de estudio de los académicos impulsa el asesoramiento sobre políticas más que su rango. Contribuyendo a la investigación sobre formulación y adopción de políticas, el siguiente artículo investiga la autonomía de las actitudes hacia los instrumentos de política (APIA). Los instrumentos de política pueden entenderse como “técnicas de gobernanza que se utilizan para hacer efectivos los objetivos de política establecidos” (Howlett, 2022; p. 3). Las actitudes hacia estas “técnicas de gobernanza” se discuten como cambiantes dependiendo de los problemas y objetivos políticos relacionados (“contingentes”) o como preferencias universales por un instrumento, relativamente independientes del contexto (“instrumentalistas”). Este último, como argumenta Veselý (2021), sugiere que las actitudes preexistentes preceden y, por lo tanto, influyen en gran medida en la decisión de los instrumentos de política. Para probar empíricamente este argumento, Nekola et al. (2022) realizaron una encuesta transversal de estudiantes de universidades checas a quienes se les pidió que evaluaran la idoneidad de múltiples instrumentos de política para resolver problemas en cinco dominios de política. En general, los instrumentos de información se evaluaron como más adecuados que los instrumentos financieros o de regulación en todos los dominios de política. Sin embargo, la agregación a nivel individual de las actitudes hacia los instrumentos de política mostró que la mayoría de los estudiantes cambian sus preferencias según el problema y el dominio de la política respectiva, lo que desafía el concepto APIA. Neef et al. (2022) trasladan la discusión sobre el diseño de políticas al nivel institucional y contribuyen a este tema con una investigación de las estrategias de diseño institucional y su influencia en el cambio institucional. Los autores se basan en el marco de Análisis y Desarrollo Institucional (IAD) de Ostrom (Ostrom, 1990; Schlager & Cox, 2017) y el modelo de rondas de Teisman (2002) para identificar cómo los actores usan estrategias de diseño institucional a través de una perspectiva sobre direcciones institucionales, reglas cambiantes y rondas de toma de decisiones. Incluyendo estancias de investigación, entrevistas y análisis de documentos, Neef et al. realizó un estudio comparativo en profundidad de dos administraciones de infraestructura holandesas y las estrategias de diseño institucional que utilizaron para lograr un cambio institucional para la acción colectiva. El análisis mostró que las configuraciones específicas de estrategias, la imitación del comportamiento y las estrategias no intencionales a nivel micro (desconcertar, potenciar, enmarcar) pueden avanzar en el proceso de cambio institucional. La naturaleza interrelacionada argumentada de las estrategias de diseño institucional de micronivel y mesonivel destaca aún más la complejidad de impulsar el cambio institucional en procesos interactivos de toma de decisiones de múltiples actores. Complementando los estudios previos en entornos nacionales, los siguientes artículos amplían el alcance de las complejidades en la formulación de políticas a la gobernanza multinivel. Cunico et al. (2022) se suman a la comprensión de estas complejidades con un análisis de los mecanismos de toma de decisiones en la política de cohesión de la Unión Europea (UE) y su relación con los problemas de implementación en las regiones italianas. Los autores aplican un enfoque de dinámica de sistemas (SD) para investigar las razones de las tasas de absorción regional repetidamente bajas de los fondos estructurales de la UE. Para sancionar a las autoridades por su incapacidad para gastar determinados recursos, la UE implementó una política que reduce las futuras contribuciones financieras. En su estudio comparativo en profundidad, Cunico y sus colegas muestran que este mecanismo de plazo financiero podría haber no en regiones de como Calabria, que que en resolver las de en de los problemas El artículo con de políticas para las de la toma de decisiones de la política de cohesión de la UE. En el artículo Dias et al. (2022) la discusión sobre la política de cohesión de la UE y la en una más de las y las de los cambiantes de gobernanza en el contexto de la UE. Los autores un que el marco de la política de cohesión de la UE de las políticas así como la Agenda Territorial de la UE 2030 de de a Dias et al. en los y los académicos y políticos de la gobernanza y territorial en la Unión Europea. la de del como el de la política y el a la globalización, las redes y las cambiantes de los de las del concepto de gobernanza que en la UE y la naturaleza dinámica y en cambio de los de gobernanza y Pascal D. König (2022) el último número de la EPA de este año con un análisis de la de la política digital de la Unión Europea la Agenda Digital de el análisis de políticas con la la perspectiva del de (Blake et al., 2020; Young, 1982) e cómo las políticas de la UE se en un de gobernanza de y de políticas y König destaca las estrategias de la UE 2010 se en de políticas y se hacia un enfoque para la y el de de y El que como de para el de gobernanza de con en la del de un que las relaciones e entre las partes interesadas El sugiere que la de las políticas de la UE y, por lo tanto, la de un de gobernanza de de la en una para las de la UE y reduce las de las de la UE. En del editorial de la a todos los que la este a del editorial y todos los y más y un gran de año con el número de la EPA en de 2023. la", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "Zoning trans-regional projects in the belt and road initiative: How does Chinese local government re-assemble policy and capital in the China–Myanmar economic zones", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10245294251323049", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Yujing Tan" ], "source": "Competition & Change", "abstract": "This article investigates the role of Chinese local governments in the China–Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It focuses on the practices of local governments in Yunnan, a province strategically significant for its proximity to Myanmar and its historical role in China’s border trade and governance. The research explores how provincial, prefectural, and city-level authorities in Yunnan actively shape transnational economic clusters through industrial policies and socio-economic governance. Drawing on official documents, reports, and interviews with policymakers, entrepreneurs, and industrial park staff, the study highlights the dynamic interplay between local and central government initiatives in the BRI-driven CMEC projects. By adopting a constructivist perspective, the article critiques state capitalism theories that overemphasize central government dominance and crony relations with big conglomerates. Instead, it argues for recognizing the multi-layered and pluralistic nature of the Chinese state, where local governments mobilize policies to align national development goals with local interests. Through two case studies, the analysis demonstrates how local governments integrate policies of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) into the CMEC framework to balance industrial development with socio-economic objectives. The findings underscore the contingent and localized nature of policy implementation, offering a nuanced understanding of governance in transnational development contexts. This research contributes to the literature on state capitalism, transnational economic cooperation, and the role of local actors in shaping BRI projects.", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "AI技术在国际贸易中的应用与中国企业的实践", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.33142/mem.v6i1.15293", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "飞然 刘" ], "source": "现代经济管理", "abstract": "AI技术在国际贸易中的应用逐渐成为提升企业竞争力的关键因素。通过智能化的贸易流程管理、供应链优化、客户需求预测以及市场分析，AI能够有效提升决策效率和准确性，降低运营成本。中国企业在此领域的实践表现突出，尤其是在跨境电商、物流管理和客户服务等方面，取得了显著成果。AI技术的应用促进了中国企业在全球市场的布局和扩展，同时提升了对国际市场变化的应对能力与创新能力。随着AI技术的不断发展，其在国际贸易中的潜力将更加巨大。", "language": "zh", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "Optimization of Capital Turnover and Enhancement of Financial Operation Efficiency for Economic Entities in Cross-Border E-Commerce", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.12677/ecl.2025.1462006", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "硕 高" ], "source": "E-Commerce Letters", "abstract": "在全球数字化贸易加速发展的背景下，跨境电商已成为我国外贸增长的核心驱动力。然而，跨境电商经济主体(平台企业、卖家、服务商等)普遍面临资金周转周期冗长、汇率波动风险高企、供应链协同效率不足等结构性问题，严重制约财务运营效率提升。本文基于行业特征，系统剖析资金周转与财务运营的现存痛点，从供应链金融模式创新(如应收账款证券化、库存动态融资)、数字化财务管理升级(业财一体化系统、智能风控体系)、汇率风险全流程管控(多币种结算、套期保值工具)、政策与行业协同机制(外汇便利化、税收优化)等维度构建优化路径，旨在为跨境电商企业破解资金循环堵点、提升资金使用效率、增强财务韧性提供理论框架与实践指引，助力行业在复杂国际环境中实现可持续增长。Against the backdrop of accelerated global digital trade development, cross-border e-commerce has become the core driving force for China’s foreign trade growth. However, economic entities in cross-border e-commerce (platform enterprises, sellers, service providers, etc.) generally face structural challenges such as lengthy capital turnover cycles, high exchange rate volatility risks, and insufficient supply chain collaboration efficiency, which severely restrict the improvement of financial operational efficiency. Based on industry characteristics, this paper systematically analyzes the existing pain points in capital turnover and financial operations, and constructs optimization pathways from dimensions including supply chain finance model innovation (such as accounts receivable securitization and dynamic inventory financing), digital financial management upgrading (integration of business and finance systems, intelligent risk control systems), full-process exchange rate risk management (multi-currency settlement, hedging tools), and policy-industry coordination mechanisms (foreign exchange facilitation, tax optimization). The study aims to provide a theoretical framework and practical guidance for cross-border e-commerce enterprises to break through capital circulation bottlenecks, enhance capital utilization efficiency, and strengthen financial resilience, so as to help the industry achieve sustainable growth in complex international environments.", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "The Effect of Service Quality on Logistics Outsourcing Strategy in Cross-Border E-Commerce", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.12677/mse.2016.51b001", "year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "锋 丁" ], "source": "Management Science and Engineering", "abstract": "经济全球化推动跨境电子商务迅猛发展。跨境电子商务企业外包物流时，必须同时对成本和服务进行权衡以构建新的竞争优势。本文研究了由跨境电子零售商和物流服务供应商构成的物流系统，建立了双渠道博弈模型，分析了在分散决策下各成员间的博弈均衡和协调运作策略。研究表明，服务水平对本渠道定价的影响是正向的；对竞争对手的影响取决于价格和服务的弹性力度。跨境电子零售商在选择物流服务供应商时，应针对国际和国内分段外包,并协助物流商提高服务水平。 Cross-border E-commerce is developing rapidly. Companies must weigh against the costs and services when consider cross-border logistics outsourcing strategy. In this paper, a cross-border logistics system consists of electronic retailers and logistics service providers, a game theory model established to analyze the equilibrium in the decentralized decision-making. The studies have shown that the effect of service on own-channel pricing is positive, for competitors’ effect depends on the price and service resiliency efforts. Cross-border E-tailers should sub-outsource logistics for international and domestic.", "language": "en", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "What we are missing for SDG6: Water leaders at all levels in our workplaces", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12217", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Wouter T. Lincklaen Arriëns", "Brian S. McIntosh" ], "source": "World Water Policy", "abstract": "Big bold visionary ideas are nothing until they are taken up and taken forward by practitioners with strong leadership skills. The challenge of achieving SDG6 requires a collective human effort at unprecedented speed and scale, in which leadership skills are fundamental to our success. Already in 2007, One Thousand Water Leaders was the call to action of the 4th Delft Symposium on Water Sector Capacity Development. This message from the participants drew on the pioneering work by Guy Alaerts and collaborating partners at the then UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, now IHE Delft. The framework they developed was the first to recognize three levels for capacity development: in individuals, in institutions, and in the enabling environment (Alaerts, 2009; Luijendijk & Lincklaen Arriëns, 2008). Prompted by the call for water leaders, the 5th Delft Symposium discussed a fresh harvest of papers on water leadership development. Researchers and water sector capacity development practitioners at the International WaterCentre (IWC) in Brisbane introduced the concept of the T-shaped water professional alongside a framework for building capacity for innovation through collaboration, learning, and leadership (McIntosh & Taylor, 2013). Importantly, they also shared lessons from a new program they had created for building water leadership capacity to drive change (Taylor & McIntosh, 2012). This initiative became the award-winning and highly acclaimed Water Leadership Program, which has now run for over a decade and caters mainly to water professionals in Australia and New Zealand. Participants at the 5th Delft Symposium also learned about a study of water policy entrepreneurs and change strategies with lessons from 16 cases of water transitions around the world (Meijerink & Huitema, 2010). Moreover, an overview of knowledge and experiences on water leadership was presented that explored water leadership from several perspectives and analyzed nine project cases with an expanded framework of water leadership in five dimensions, including individuals, organizations, partnerships, communities, and the enabling environment (Lincklaen Arriëns & Wehn de Montalvo, 2013). Building on this knowledge and experience, the 5th Delft Symposium saw the adoption of a set of global quality standards for water leadership development programs, recognizing the results of a collaborative project between UNESCO-IHE (2013) and the Asian Development Bank and the pioneering work at IWC. What has been done since? Where are we now in 2024, a decade after introducing water leadership development as an integral part of capacity development in the water sector? And, in particular, where are we after two major global water conferences, the UN Water Conference in New York in 2023 and the 10th World Water Forum in Bali in 2024? In this regard, we were excited to hear about the multitude of visionary new water initiatives announced at these two global conferences to transform the water sector into a more integrated, inclusive, and climate-resilient space. And we noted that both events championed a focus on more collaborative actions. What has alarmed us, however, is the lack of a systematic focus on capacity development, particularly in relation to leadership. In Bali, for example, of the more than 200 sessions at the 10th World Water Forum, only two flagged capacity development in the title. Of course, we heard in some of the sessions about the human capital needed to drive, implement, and sustain the grand plans. Most of that, however, dealt with building technical capacity and financial skills, not leadership development, the fundamental “secret sauce” needed to drive, sustain, and change the way that water sector organizations operate singly and together. While the term water leaders was frequently mentioned in deliberations in Bali, it seemed to be limited to the need for executive leaders in water utilities, political leaders, and youth as future leaders. Other than a special event organized by IWC, there was, remarkably to us, nothing organized specifically on water leadership development. This, for us, raises important questions about the success we can expect from the range of newly announced water programs and how they are expected to bring the achievement of SDG6 targets within reach. New initiatives will work or fail directly as a consequence of the depth of leadership capacity in water sector organizations across the world. We know this from decades of research into organizational success and failure and into the factors that influence the outcomes of innovation and change processes. It is not that water professionals have not thought about the skills they and their workforces need. What concerns us is that organizations in the water sector are not investing sufficiently in building capacity to deliver on SDG6 initiatives and programs systematically at all levels, especially in leadership. That is why we question if the past decade has been lost in terms of developing the capacity of water leaders who can drive the changes needed to achieve SDG6, including the visionary plans announced at the global events in 2023 and 2024. We need water sector professionals to have the skills and tools to create and sustain high-performing teams—the engines of project and program work; to build the networks and partnerships within and across organizations so vital for affecting change in the water sector; to be able to use those networks to create a common direction, the alignment of resources to that direction, and a commitment to success; and to be able to navigate through the volatility, uncertainty, and complexity created by the impacts of climate change. Without these skills for working with and leading others, sophisticated and well-designed plans for delivering on SDG6 will not be realized, and certainly not in the timeframe we need them to be. Visionary plans for accelerating progress towards the achievement of SDG6 rely on collaboration. So, leadership development, which first of all emphasizes the development of oneself (self-leadership) and then the development of feedback-seeking, listening-oriented, and often enabling approaches to working with others, is even more critical right now, with leadership skills needed at scale and rapidly to get us back on track in terms of SDG6 implementation. Leadership skills are fundamental to directing, motivating, and ensuring the success of collective human effort. We know this from a wide range of organizational and sectoral contexts (Kouzes & Posner, 2012; Northouse, 2021). They are not the exclusive purview of formal, executive leaders at the top of organizations and teams. Everyone working in a team within an organization, trying to progress something different through projects or programs of work, will need these skills. We argue that all of us water professionals need to be thinking about this challenge to ensure that today's grand plans for transformation in water can actually be realized. We need, in particular, to understand why the lack of leadership is, right now, a critical bottleneck for transformative changes in the water sector. Meanwhile, the world beyond the water sector has seen significant changes over the past decade, and so has the science and art of leadership development. Take, for example, the more widely felt need for practicing inclusive leadership, and for prioritizing the well-being and resilience of staff every day and in difficult times such as we experienced during and after the Covid pandemic. Inclusive leadership has now become a must for many remote and hybrid teams (see, e.g., Bourke, 2021). The personal challenges faced by many staff in workplaces around the world are illustrated in the 2024 Global Learning & Skills Trends Report compiled by Udemy Business (2024), which quotes Gallup saying that “more than half of global employees are struggling with burnout, daily negative emotions, and a sense that their organization cares little about their wellbeing.” Furthermore, the widespread problems with a lack of cross-generational (Crossgen) leadership in many workplaces point to the need for new ways to bring Gen Z, Gen Y, Gen X, and Boomers together for innovation and higher performance. This requires new ways for generational biases to be uncovered and addressed, together with the introduction of new skills and behaviors for leaders in each generation. With these widespread challenges, achieving SDG6 becomes an even taller order than it already is today. Big bold visionary ideas are nothing until they are taken up and taken forward by practitioners with strong leadership skills. We argue, therefore, that it is high time to empower water organizations globally with skilled water leaders at all levels so that they will be able to achieve their visionary plans and help us achieve SDG6. Building on more than a decade of experience and using a set of practical, evidence-based frameworks and tools, IWC has been working to develop a pathway for self-motivated water professionals and practitioners globally to move through three levels of progressively more challenging and powerful leadership development experiences. Experience has shown that water professionals applying these frameworks and tools will obtain immediate benefits in their project and program work for themselves and their teams. With their commitment to grow as water leaders, they can continually strengthen their leadership capacity and magnify their impact as water leaders. We see the need to bring water leadership development to speed and scale through innovative approaches and evidence-based methods like a focus on showing up frequently with leadership behaviors, the combination of coaching and mentoring, and for participants to work (together) on a project challenge. Please take the time to reflect and then connect. Together, we can build the necessary leadership capabilities across the water sector that can bring us back on track to achieve SDG6. Advancing international water leadership development is truly a collaborative challenge and opportunity. We acknowledge the pioneering work of our colleagues Andre Taylor, Regina Souter, the late Mark Pascoe, Peter Wegener, Kerryn Devenny, Vanh Mixap, Bronwyn Powell, Belinda Chapman, Jan Luijendijk, Guy Alaerts, Uta Wehn de Montalvo, Carel Keuls, and Andres Cabrera Flamini, as well as the valuable inputs by Celine Marchenay, Zaki Shubber, Terry Liguori, Rashmi Shrestha, Sabah Iqbal, and Fany Wedahuditama as innovation leaders in the Grow3Leaders community of practice. 可持续发展目标6缺少什么:工作场所中的各级水领导者 “大胆的远见想法在被具有强大领导能力的实践者采纳和推进之前什么也不是。” 全球水能力建设错失的十年? 实现可持续发展目标6一事面临的挑战需要人类以前所未有的速度和规模共同努力, 其中领导力技能是我们成功的关键。 早在2007年, 第四届代尔夫特水部门能力发展研讨会就发出了一项名为“一千名水领导者”的行动呼吁。与会者的这一信息借鉴了Guy Alaerts及其合作伙伴在当时的联合国教科文组织-IHE水教育研究所 (现IHE代尔夫特)的开创性工作。他们提出的框架是首个“认识到能力发展的三个层次”的框架, 这三个层次分别为:个人、机构和有利环境 (Alaerts, 2009; Luijendijk & Lincklaen Arriens, 2008)。 在水领导者的呼吁下, 第五届代尔夫特研讨会讨论了一批有关水领导力发展的新论文。布里斯班国际水中心 (IWC)的研究人员和水部门能力发展从业人员介绍了T型水专业人员的概念, 以及一项通过协作、学习和领导力建设创新能力的框架 (McIntosh & Taylor, 2013)。重要的是, 他们还分享了其为建设水领导能力以推动变革而创建的新计划的经验教训 (Taylor & McIntosh, 2012)。这项举措成为屡获殊荣、备受赞誉的水领导力计划, 该计划现已运行十多年, 主要面向澳大利亚和新西兰的水专业人士。 第五届代尔夫特研讨会的参与者还了解了一项关于水政策企业家和变革战略的研究, 该研究吸取了来自世界各地16个水转型案例的经验教训 (Meijerink & Huitema, 2010)。此外, 还概述了关于水领导力的知识和经验, 从多个角度探究了水领导力, 并使用一项包含五个维度 (个人、组织、伙伴关系、社区和有利环境)的水领导力的扩展框架来分析九个项目案例 (Lincklaen Arriëns & Wehn de Montalvo, 2013)。 基于这些知识和经验, 第五届代尔夫特研讨会通过了一套用于水领导力发展计划的全球质量标准, 认可了联合国教科文组织-IHE与亚洲开发银行的合作项目成果以及IWC的开创性研究。 此后展开了哪些工作?在“将水领导力发展作为水部门能力建设不可或缺的一部分”一事开始后的第十年, 我们现在处于什么位置?特别地, 在两次重要的全球水会议, 即2023年在纽约举行的联合国水会议和2024年在巴厘岛举行的第十届世界水论坛之后, 我们处于什么位置? 在这方面, 我们很高兴听到这两个全球会议上宣布了众多富有远见的新水务举措, 旨在将水部门转变为一个更加一体化、包容性和气候适应性更强的领域。我们注意到, 这两次会议都倡导增进合作的行动。 然而, 令我们感到担忧的是, 缺乏对能力建设的系统性关注, 特别是在领导力方面。例如, 在巴厘岛举行的第十届世界水论坛的200多场会议中, 只有两场会议的标题提到了能力建设。当然, 我们在一些会议上听到了“推动、实施和维持大计划”一事所需的人力资本。然而, 其中大部分都涉及建设技术能力和财务技能, 而不是领导力建设, 而领导力建设是推动、维持和改变水部门组织单独和共同运作方式所需的基本“秘诀”。 虽然水领导者一词在巴厘岛会议中被频繁提及, 但它似乎仅限于对“水务公司高管、政治领袖、以及青年作为未来领袖”的需求。除了IWC组织的一次特别活动外, 令我们惊讶的是, 没有专门针对水领导力发展的活动。 对我们来说, 这提出了一些重要的问题, 后者有关于我们期待一系列新宣布的水计划所能取得的成功, 以及这些计划如何能实现可持续发展目标6的目标。新计划的成功或失败直接取决于世界各地水部门组织领导能力的深度。我们根据几十年的研究得出这一结论, 我们的研究聚焦于组织成功与失败, 以及创新和变革过程结果的影响因素。 这并不是说水专业人士没有考虑过他们及其员工所需的技能。我们担心的是, 水部门的组织没有充分投资于能力建设, 以便各个层面 (特别是领导层)以系统性的方式实施可持续发展目标6倡议和计划。这就是为什么我们质疑“过去十年在培养能够推动实现可持续发展目标6(包括在2023年和2024年全球活动中宣布的愿景计划)所需变革的水务领导者的能力方面”是否已经迷失了方向。 我们需要水行业专业人士具备以下技能和工具来:创建和维持高绩效团队 (项目和计划工作的引擎)；在组织内部和跨组织间建立网络和伙伴关系, 这对于影响水行业的变革至关重要；能够利用这些网络制定共同方向, 将资源与该方向相结合并致力于成功；能够应对气候变化影响造成的动荡、不确定性和复杂性。如果没有这些与他人合作以及领导他人的技能, 那些用于实现可持续发展目标6的复杂且精心设计的计划将无法实现, 而且肯定无法在我们需要的时间内实现。 加快实现可持续发展目标6的愿景计划依赖于合作。因此, 领导力发展在当下更为重要, 因为它首先强调自我发展 (自我领导力), 然后强调寻求反馈、倾听导向和与他人合作的积极方法。领导力发展需要大规模的领导技能, 并迅速让我们在可持续发展目标6的实施方面重回正轨。 领导力技能对于指导、激励和确保人类集体努力的成功至关重要。我们从广泛的组织和部门情境中了解到这一点 (Kouzes & Posner, 2012; Northouse, 2021)。它们并不是组织和团队高层正式执行领导者的专属职权范围。在组织团队中工作的每个人, 那些试图通过项目或工作计划取得不同进展的人, 都需要这些技能。 我们论证, 所有水专业人士都需要思考这一挑战, 以确保当今水转型的宏伟计划能够真正实现。我们尤其需要了解为什么领导力的缺乏是目前水行业转型变革的关键瓶颈。 我们对水领导力发展的了解 与此同时, 水行业以外的世界在过去十年中发生了重大变化, 领导力发展的科学和技术也发生了变化。例如, 人们越来越普遍地感受到需要实践包容性领导力, 并优先考虑员工的福祉和适应力, 无论是在日常还是在困难时期, 例如我们在新冠疫情期间和之后所经历的困难时期。包容性领导力现在已成为许多远程和混合团队的必备素质 (see, for example, Bourke, 2021)。 Udemy Business编制的《2024年全球学习与技能趋势报告》(2024)阐述了世界各地职场中许多员工所面临的个人挑战, 该报告引用Gallup的话说:“全球超过一半的员工正在与倦怠、日常负面情绪、以及组织不太关心他们福祉的感觉作斗争。” 此外, 许多工作场所普遍缺乏跨代际 (Crossgen)领导力, 这表明需要采用新方法将Z世代、Y世代、X世代和婴儿潮一代团结起来, 共同实现创新和更高的绩效。这需要采用新方法来发现和解决代际偏见, 同时为每一代领导者引入新技能和新行为。 面对这些普遍存在的挑战, 实现可持续发展目标6的任务比现在更加艰巨。大胆的愿景想法只有在被拥有强大领导能力的实践者采纳和推进后才算数。因此, 我们认为, 现在是时候为全球水组织在各个层面配备熟练的水领导者了, 这样它们才能实现其愿景计划, 帮助我们实现可持续发展目标6。 基于十多年的经验, 并使用一套实用的、基于证据的框架和工具, IWC一直致力为全球有上进心的水专业人士和从业人员开辟一条道路, 使他们能够经历三个层次的、越来越具有挑战性和更强大的领导力发展经历。 经验表明, 应用这些框架和工具的水专业人士将在他们的项目和计划工作中为自己和团队获得立竿见影的收益。凭借他们成长为水领导者的承诺, 他们能不断加强领导能力并扩大其作为水领导者的影响力。 我们认为有必要通过创新方法和基于证据的方法来加快和扩大水领导力发展, 例如专注于经常展示领导力行为、将指导和辅导相结合、以及让参与者 (共同)应对项目挑战。 再次呼吁行动 请花时间思考, 然后建立联系。我们能共同打造水行业所需的领导能力, 让我们重回实现可持续发展目标6的轨道。 致谢 推进国际水领导力发展确实是一项合作挑战, 也是一次机遇。我们感谢同事Andre Taylor、Regina Souter、已故的Mark Pascoe、Peter Wegener、Kerryn Devenny、Vanh Mixap、Bronwyn Powell、Belinda Chapman、Jan Luijendijk、Guy Alaerts、Uta Wehn de Montalvo、Carel Keuls和Andres Cabrera Flamini的开创性工作, 以及作为Grow3Leaders实践社区创新领导者的Celine Wedahuditama Lincklaen Alaerts, and capacity development as for and change. 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Water for a and and Bourke, than The of of thinking and inclusive Institute of at for Leadership (2024), on at IWC The Program, a new international leadership program for practitioners in the water sector. International on at & Posner, The Leadership to in 5th Lincklaen Arriëns, & Wehn de Montalvo, water leadership. Water on Leadership in and Capacity Development in the Water Luijendijk, & Lincklaen Arriëns, Water knowledge for In Water for a World and Alaerts, & & McIntosh, & Taylor, T-shaped water on a framework for building capacity for innovation through collaboration, learning, and leadership. Water on Leadership in and Capacity Development in the Water & Huitema, entrepreneurs and change lessons from of water transitions around the and Northouse, and Taylor, as a Water of New Water and Taylor, Lincklaen Arriens, & water leadership framework to help build leadership New Water and Taylor, & McIntosh, Building leadership capacity to drive lessons from a new of the International Udemy Business Global Learning & Skills Trends on 2024 at UNESCO-IHE Global quality standards for water leadership development at the 5th Delft Symposium on Water Sector Capacity Development. Delft.", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "Progress in multi-omics and molecular breeding of Chrysanthemum", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1360/csb-2026-0468", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Zhenxing Wang", "Yanze He", "Jiangshuo Su", "Aiping Song", "Weimin Fang", "Fadi Chen" ], "source": "Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version)", "abstract": "菊花（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.）作为菊科菊属多倍体花卉，兼具观赏、药用、茶用与食用价值，其基因组高度杂合且庞大的特性为遗传研究带来诸多挑战。近年来，基因组学技术的快速突破推动菊花研究迈入分子育种时代，从基因组测序、功能基因挖掘到基因编辑、分子标记开发均取得显著进展。本文系统梳理了菊花及菊属野生植物全基因组测序，基因工程、基因编辑等分子技术在菊花重要性状调控中的研究成果，总结了分子标记开发与全基因组选择的应用进展，剖析了当前研究面临的关键问题，并展望了未来发展方向，以期为菊花分子遗传研究与精准性状改良提供理论参考。", "language": "en", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "人工智能赋能职业教育课堂教学模式改革与实践", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5170-0803-31", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "敏 王" ], "source": "电子通信与计算机科学", "abstract": "新一轮科技革命和产业变革下，人工智能正重塑社会生产、生活与教育形态。职业教育与经济社会发展 紧密相关，其人才培养质量关乎国家产业升级和高质量发展。但传统职业教育教学模式存在教学内容滞后、方法单 一等痛点，难以满足新时代对高素质技术技能人才的需求。本文以人工智能赋能为切入点，剖析职业教育课堂教学痛 点，阐述AI技术从教学理念等多维度重构课堂生态。进而提出涵盖基础设施建设、数据治理体系构建等多维度的实 践路径。研究表明，人工智能并非简单替代教师或工具化应用，而是作为催化剂和连接器，推动职业教育课堂向个性 化、智能化等方向演进，助力实现“因材施教”与“精准育人”的教育理想。", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "Subnational variation among provincial data bureaus in China", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1080/20517483.2024.2445382", "year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "Katharin Tai" ], "source": "Peking University Law Journal", "abstract": "Based on an original overview of the evolution of provincial data bureaus in China between 2014 and 2023, this paper argues that provincial data bureaus between 2014 and 2023 have been an important source of bottom-up data governance practices in China, which are worth studying as part of the broader Chinese data governance regime. To support this argument, the paper provides a descriptive analysis of province-level data bureaus in China up until the establishment of the National Data Administration (NDA) in 2023, with a particular focus on their relationship to the evolving legal concept of ‘public data' in China. The analysis shows that there is substantial subnational variation, exploring the evolution of data bureaus from three different perspectives as examples of data localism: One, considering provincial data bureaus over time, there are significant divergences in when different provinces established theirs, and whether they did so as institutional entrepreneurs or in response to national policy developments. Two, in terms of policy focus, most provincial data bureaus focus on digital public service provision or data-related economic questions, or, increasingly, both. Several data bureaus issued the first set of public data regulations as part of this work, and most were officially responsible for public or closely related concepts. Three, provincial data bureaus have generally been established directly under the provincial government, supervised by a province-level department, or as ‘nameplate’ institutions. This institutional choice matters for the amount of power a data bureau is able to wield and for its substantive work, which needs to fit the priorities of any supervising institution.", "language": "en", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "财务共享模式下会计核算质量提升措施研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.33142/mem.v4i1.8763", "year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 1, "authors": [ "艾 张" ], "source": "现代经济管理", "abstract": "在数字经济飞速发展的时代，数据被认为是“新型生产要素”，财务数字化转型成为财务发展的新趋势，共享服务中心将转变成为企业数据中心，为企业发展提供核心竞争力。因此，近年来，财务共享模式逐渐被国内大型集团企业广泛应用，成为数字化经济时代的“新宠儿”。财务共享服务中心建立后，它的定位主要是专注于企业管控和会计服务并重，为集团内部会计核算提供高质量服务，同时在企业财务管控、信息化建设过程中发挥非常重要的作用。文中主要从财务共享下的会计核算内涵和特征出发，通过分析财务共享模式下会计核算存在的问题，对在财务共享服务模式下如何提升会计核算质量的具体措施进行研究分析，希望能够为相关工作人员提供一定的参考与借鉴。", "language": "zh", "query": "共享服务中心 数字化转型" }, { "title": "我国企业实施“走出去”战略存在的问题及其对策", "doi": null, "year": 2002, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "董伍伦" ], "source": "经济研究参考", "abstract": "按照国际货币基金组织的定义,经济全球化是指:“跨国商品与服务贸易及国际资本流动规模的增加,以及技术的广泛传播使世界各国经济的相互依赖性增强。”根据这个定义,在经济全球化背景下的企业“走出去”战略包括商品与服务贸易、对外投资、对外技术转让等方面的内容,本文所说的企业“走出去”战略主要是指企业对外投资。最突出的形式是企业以技术、设备、资金等生产要素,到境外投资设厂,开展境外加工贸易。", "language": "zh", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "在中国，净雅何以成功——谈餐饮企业如何学习“净雅文化”", "doi": null, "year": 2009, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "苏芳" ], "source": "商场现代化", "abstract": "说起净雅餐饮集团，还得从1988年说起，这一年张永舵筹借7000元，在威海开起一家牛肉包子铺。如今，包子铺已发展成为拥有济南．威海、泰安、北京等城市八家连锁店的大型跨区域餐饮集团。他在经营企业中格外重视“真”与“诚”的服务，从未赚过一分不诚信的钱，依靠独特的“净雅文化”．将事业越做越大。目前．他的八处连锁店总面积达到5万多平方米，员工2300多人．吸纳了115名下岗职工和1200多名农村富余劳动力。净雅集团已成为首家通过ISO9002国际质量体系认证的纯餐饮企业．张永舵也先后荣获山东威海市五一劳动模范、山东省十大杰出青年企业家，中国企业文化建设先进个人、全球百佳中华儒商等称号。", "language": "zh", "query": "全球商业服务 跨国企业" }, { "title": "消防防火监督检查探讨", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5189-0807-41", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "扬 赵" ], "source": "工程管理与技术探讨", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "B9 源頭立法和生死數學:無限田忌賽馬和國格侵犯摧毀美國", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7276331", "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Henry Hill" ], "source": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", "abstract": "B9 源頭立法和生死數學:無限田忌賽馬和國格侵犯摧毀美國
Source Legislation and Life-and-death Mathematics to Great Divide:Nationality Infringe to Destroy USA
阿紫宝宝(Henry Hill)

This is Source Legislation and Life-and-death Mathematics to Great Divide: Nationality Infringe to Destroy USA. I am the highest thermonuke expert in the world to prevent the nuclear war to doomsday. Please all ones help me come to USA to start the Anti-Manhattan Grating Project, for the people, by the world and of the USA, because it is only USA can provide the support.


宇宙很大很大,但也有很小很小的时候:在宇宙万物之源的范数层面也很小很小,如同孙悟空在如来佛手掌心中一样道理。还有,在美国和联合国原子能安全机构都放弃的情形下,我独立基于热中子密度分析连手法国核武公司拯救了广东台山核电站,请国家把我的劳动所得给我;对方威胁只要我敢出来担任国家主席,就把我灭口然后赔钱我家人,请诸位师长立刻施以援救,任何人无法对抗通国库的国家谋杀,这是无限田忌赛马,请诸位长辈明白立刻援助我到美国阻止核武战争,我就是北戴河会议的国家主席提名人阿紫宝宝(大家都这么叫不是我创立的)。
中共独创了无限人格侵犯犯罪、无限国格侵犯犯罪和无限面向国家侵犯犯罪,同时以通国库的无限田忌赛马侵犯欧美各国,意图以独裁替代美国领导世界,导致放病毒毒死全人类超过2000万人和普京拿着核武四处要炸毁世界,今天,我用计算法律让全美国明白其中奥秘,立刻采取国家力量处决罪犯和终结犯罪,由此阻止世界末日的核武战争。
迟来的正义非正义(Justice delayed is justice denied.),共党2019放病毒毒死全人类超过2000万人年至今头尾四年,世界一哥的恐怖主义猎人美国没有执行处决罪犯;普京发动俄乌战争超过10个月制造了布查惨案和诸多万人坑,至今也很逍遥快活还很威风,这些都是因为法律没有在源头进行主权审判而断生死,导致民不聊生、官不聊生、国不聊生。也就是说,释迦牟尼在两千多年前提出断生死的宏愿,但一直只是打口泡,两千多年来也无人能完成,导致旦扎里罪魁祸首逍遥法外,罪恶的清零政策不断变本加厉。今天,我建立生死三角不等式(方程)在范数的层面上断生死:生死三角不等式||x+y||<||x||+||y||、生命||x+y||>||x||+||y||、无机三角不等式||x+y||=||x||+||y||,其中,X是域𝕂(ℝ/ℂ)上赋范线性空间,范数||•||:X→R,∀x,y∈X,从此了结释迦牟尼两千多年前的诺言,同时确立了宇宙万物之源上的生死数学和生死立法即源头数学和源头立法,完成了两千多年来天地之间断生死的最终审判。
2022年9月份,160个国家领导人参加联合国大会意图改革联合国,但无果而终;10月份,中共胡总等改革派参加20大准备重启改革开放,团派和所有元老最终全部被团灭,此时,共党放病毒毒死全人类超过2000万人还在继续和普京高举着毁灭世界几千次的核武器之末日灭顶之灾,越来越近了,就等着最后的引爆。
现在,供销社、大锅饭之计划经济大重启,黄河长江已经倒流,黄河边上的郑州富士康726室8女全部在清零政策中饿死,中共清零政策无限人格侵犯即属绝对亡国罪行,蓬佩奥和王友群:中共解体可能在极短时间内发生。
2022年10月6日美国、俄罗斯、乌克兰、波兰、欧洲以至世界各国不得不在10月6日前后无条件启动末日模式:购买、分发罗米司亭(Romiplostim)、碘化钾等,旦扎里和普京毁灭世界已经不可避免。
美国放过日本731部队导致共党后续的山丹军马场病毒研究和2019年毒死全人类超过2000万人的新冠疫情;1991年里根总统没有正确引导俄罗斯走上民主之路而彻底消除民族主义,直接导致了今日普京高举着毁灭全人类几千次的核武器四处威胁利诱搞核武末日恐怖主义,这是两起跨越几十年近百年的农夫和蛇冤枉案,现在两条史前(死前)老蛇回光返照对全人类发起最后的一击,这就是末日的两个死亡核心(黑太阳731核心和核末日死亡核心),其中黑太阳731核心包括日军的731部队、共党的山丹军马场、武汉P4病毒实验室。


共党三大冒天下之大不韪原则:病毒屠杀美国至少110万人为本土作案、杀人证据直接递交美国国会、还联合普京高举核武器灭世拒捕,共党(俄罗斯)肯定承担无限911后果,所有的罪魁祸首无限齐奥塞斯库(本•拉登、扎瓦希里、萨达姆、卡扎菲、墨索里尼、齐奥塞斯库、米洛舍维奇、东条英机),已经没有戈尔巴乔夫的可能性了。
三元救国救民、救世救难原则、中元源头原则、信用(仁慈、中元、源头)标准化原则、共党党代会选举非法无效而无权执政:代表选举非法无效原则、代表选举制无权执政原则。
强权即真理(赢者通吃、至强、无限狼王规则、残民以逞、阶级斗争活)活不了(自毁、乌龙自灭)原则、泥菩萨过河不能保他人原则、牺牲自己保全他人(牺牲自己成全他人、背锅、为他朋友两肋插刀、替死鬼)绝对归零(绝对失败、对不起家人、对不起国家、对不起民族、对不起社会、对不起世界、不值得)原则。
末日人类生死存亡五大问题和最高问题、独裁(战狼、强权、威权、垄断、专政、邪恶轴心、邪恶成员、共产党、黄俄、普京、俄罗斯、大欧亚主义、斯拉夫主义等)必死(必败、失败、不可能胜利、不可能取胜、祸国殃民、毁灭世界、末日、死亡列车、不可能战胜美国体系)原则。
正义三降临原则、出卖灵魂(卖国、卖主求荣、犹大、汉奸、手套、五毛、出轨、通奸)绝对犯罪原则、灭世三罪(人格侵犯、国家主权侵犯、面向国家侵犯)、三司会审(三星会审)无条件(绝对、直接、就地)原则。
旦扎里团队(成员)不可能强大原则、作恶(犯罪、违法、负面)非强大原则、强大非作恶(犯罪、负面)原则、祸国殃民(毁灭世界、作恶、犯罪)当国(当官)不可活(不可持续、无效、死刑)原则。
文明七分原则、共党国民死刑犯不如原则、共党国民死连狗都不如原则、中共国华人与狗不得入内原则、中共国全民与狗不得入内(全人类与狗不得入内)原则。
畜牲(文盲、德不配位者、小丑)称帝(当国)绝对归零(自取灭亡、自取其辱)原则、普京无法(不可能)兜底旦扎里原则、供销社(计划经济、共享单车、共享经济)绝对归零(绝对犯罪、绝对违法)原则、布局很久(代价、努力、付出)强制无花果(绝对归零、绝对非法、绝对犯罪)原则、生命(血淋淋)一定可以(强制)换江山(真金实银一定货真价实、货真价实强制)无花果(绝对归零、绝对非法、绝对犯罪)原则。
共党权钱挂钩(权力决定一切)自我解体(灭绝一切)原则、军队残民以逞(无民、人盾)绝对归零(军法处置、绝对犯罪)原则、共党权钱挂钩(权力决定一切)自我解体(灭绝一切)原则、军队残民以逞(无民、人盾)绝对归零(军法处置、绝对犯罪)原则、英美法系法共(法律共产党)原则、美国中共一家亲原则、英美法系三不匹配(瘪三)原则、英美法系三匹配(大三)原则、美国法律三个黑洞(三个坏蛋)原则、中美一家亲原则、旦扎里(黄俄)三弹一星(处决满天星)原则。
战略忽悠死亡三角不等式原则、旦扎里(共党)刑场前三光政策、刑场前刀下留人(做什么都有理由、明年会很好)绝对归零(绝对犯罪、就地处决)原则、共党(旦扎里)大锅饭(供销社、人民公社、依赖性)控制绝对犯罪(绝对犯罪、就地处决)原则、社会消耗降到最低(军管、清零)绝对归零(绝对犯罪、就地处决)原则、战争转移(解决)社会矛盾(高压锅)否定原则和战争转移(解决)社会矛盾(高压锅)绝对归零(绝对犯罪、就地处决)原则。
中共清零政策无限人格侵犯绝对亡国(罪行)原则、消灭传染源:黄河长江已经倒流、郑州富士康726室八女死亡罪责富士康先于清零政策原则、中华国家(民族、人民)四大灭绝(四大皆空)原则、夏虫不可以语冰原则、蓬佩奥和王友群:中共解体可能在极短时间内发生、核酸检测棒含有致癌剧毒环氧乙烷、放射性元素锝(是殖系统、骨骼基因摧毁武器)、DARPA水凝胶、Theragrippers纳米芯片和切割血管以利于用于脑控的纳米编程芯片及其药物进入的纳米金属刀片,对面部神经及嗅觉神经造成永久性损伤的各种毒剂,损伤血脑屏障的各种毒剂和Theragrippers纳米芯片、纳米刀片等。


共党放病毒毒死全人类超过2000万人(包括毒死美国110万人),这是美国自建国以来第一次本土被攻陷,而且死亡人数远超过美国历次战争、灾难中死亡人数的总和,一亿多的感染者将永远生活在新冠病毒无穷无尽的后遗症之中,因此,美国既得利益者和精英阶层达成了共识:美国必须让处决旦扎里(放病毒毒死全人类超过2000万人罪魁祸首)得到应有的惩处和彻底解体中共,这也是世界末日唯一的一个基本点,从而构成解体中共(处决旦扎里)末日基本点原则。
末日的两个中心就是毁灭全世界生命产业系统的病毒中心和毁灭全人类的核武末日,其与美国精英阶层处决旦扎里的一个基本点相结合而即构成末日一基本点两个中心原则。


在朝党(在朝者)和在野党(在朝者)的区别在于前者能通国库,其支持系统是整个国库、其力量就是国家力量,后者则不能动用国家力量也没有机会动用国家力量。
共党以共产共妻中共国国库的国家核马(五毛、间谍、汉奸)Wj(j∈N):W→∞、Wj→∞,对美国包括总统、议会议长(如佩洛西)、精英、军人、企业主、普通美国人等Qk(k∈N)进行欺骗、渗透、攻击,美国公私分明而任何人Qk不可能私通国库即不可能有无限资源或不可能是无限大的:Qk<∞,与Wj相比必然处于下风:Wj>Qk则△Qk=Wj-Qk=∞,因此,英美澳加等在中共的超限战中一直屡战屡败就在于国家级别的资金、力量支持缺失或不够,称之为无限国家赛马的天公对鸡屎、国库恐怖主义、国家恐怖主义,从而构成天公对鸡屎灭顶之灾原则。
在中共国的无限田忌赛马的国级攻击之下,美国只能启动国家力量将中共解体、将旦扎里斩首或处决才能标本兼治,否则只能在贻笑大方中饮恨而终、吞棍而亡。


1.生死数学、源头立法、生死三角不等式(方程)断生死
在中共20大的会场上,曾经当了10年的国家元首胡总入场90秒内即被强制带走,接着团派被团灭,改革开放成为过去,长江、黄河随之倒流,为什么会这样?举世哗然,清华校友会更是发出刀下留人的公开信,因为发信人深知改开和新共党专制的水火不相容;但作为局中人的胡总等则看不到发信人看到的要害性,即竟然相信绝对的生死局会有相对之解,和庞加莱猜想一样:相对的收敛能消除绝对的角度性点,归根结底就是基于如下三条规则的(断)生死数学、(断)生死法律。更有甚者,曾经处死过黄菊、张定发的胡总竟然相信共产党还有救,所以把自己的儿子留在墙内当官和把家人留在墙内,这是基本点上的绝对性错误。
不要说胡总中招越过本质核心去相信旦扎里的无底线之骗,全世界5000年来所有的人们都无人注意到关系到每个人以至全世界生死存亡的生死数学,包括一出生就放言要断生死的释迦牟尼都没有做到自己的承诺,这本身就是一场古今中外的大悲剧:所有人好高骛远,不看自己脚下是无底深渊却只顾去追求所谓的高大上目标,和悬空寺一样,地震一下就全下去了。结果大家都看见到了,一个黄俄旦扎里不仅放病毒屠杀全人类超过2000万人、10年屠村屠城杀害17亿中国人,还挑动普京高举着核武器在10月6日把世界逼入末日,以一人之力祸国殃民、毁灭世界。
今天,我来为释迦牟尼和古往今来的全人类补上一堂最基本的生死安全课,以如下的生死三方程、生死三角不等式展开(断)生死数学并进行(断)生死立法,这是拯救世界的第零课和绝对第零定律,由此而来,真相门户降光明,诚信道路开正义,生死源头生仁慈,这就是乾坤再造的三法印,比照释迦牟尼的三法印。


释迦牟尼出生时,即能自由自在地向东南西北四个方向,各行七步,步步举足,出大莲华,走过之后,目观四方,高声说偈:
世间之中,我为最胜;我从今日,生分已尽。
我于世间,最为殊胜;我断生死,是最后边。
三千年来,各种解法繁多,但都没有直接切入主题,就连人间地狱绞肉机体制的共产主义共产党都诡称自己是全人类最高理想,管生管死管放毒,究竟谁对谁错?今天,我用数学方程来解析断生死的标准答案如下,由此揭穿旦扎里及其狗共的真面目:面目全非。
X是域𝕂(ℝ/ℂ)上赋范线性空间,范数||•||:X→R,此时,∀x,y∈X,我们分三种情形讨论:
1)||x+y||<||x||+||y||定义为亏缺、损耗、不利、死亡、解体空间,d||x||<0、d||y||<0以至d||x||→-∞、d||y||→-∞,称之为死亡(亏缺、损耗、不利、解体、地狱)三角不等式(方程);
2)||x+y||>||x||+||y||定义为溢出、生命、有机、文明、发展空间,d||x||>0、d||y||>0以至d||x||→+∞、d||y||→+∞,称之为生命(溢出、发展、有机、文明)三角不等式(方程);
3)||x+y||=||x||+||y||定义为维持、守恒、无机、连续性空间,d||x||=0、d||y||=0,称之为维持(守恒、无机、连续性、平衡)三角等式(方程),
综上所述三个方程即为断生死三角形、生死三角判别式、生死三角形、生死三角不等式(方程)、(断)生死三方程(三角不等式),从而构成断生死三角不等式(方程)原则、生死三角不等式(方程)原则、善者多生恶者亡原则、仁慈三角不等式(方程)原则、生死仁慈原则、生死为大(仁慈为大)原则,法律的光明正大由此而来,真相光明、信用正义、生死仁慈,随之构成世界三治光明正大原则。


依据不可逆转绝对原则、绝对无限大原则,任何事物死亡即告终结,随之不可逆转而为无限大之绝对极限;任何事物出生,如释迦牟尼、人子耶稣的诞生都成长为将世界、宇宙、国家握于手掌心的大人物,因此,生死都是无上、最大之绝对,直接连接到绝对的宇宙之最大极,断生死自然关系到任何人、世界、国家以至乾坤万物的生死存亡,从而构成(断)生死先于一切(万物、宇宙)原则。
依据(断)生死先于一切(万物、宇宙)原则,基于上述生死三方程的数学称之为(断)生死数学;与此同时,上述生死三方程开启了宇宙万物的最基本法律、真理和立法,称之为(断)生死立法、(断)生死法律、(断)生死最基本法、(断)生死真理。
依据(断)生死先于一切(万物、宇宙)原则,断生死之地就是万物之源,也是生命之源和宇宙的源头,最高极和比照绝对零度的绝对零极就在那里,因此,生死数学又称为源头数学、生死立法(法律)又称为源头立法(法律)。


在法律上,人们处决罪犯,无辜者不会再被其侵害、社会秩序不会再被其破坏(如同今天旦扎里和普京要推翻雅尔塔体系),人们的生之路被确保,这就是对邪恶虎口夺生的比照胡克定律的二次(回复性)仁慈,先于到达对象之正义的本位源头仁慈,从而构成二次(回复性)仁慈先于正义原则、二次(回复性)仁慈虎口夺生(搭桥、心脏搭桥)原则,其中正义是面向对象之跨境的;人们在源头立法,建立起完善的法律体系和公共设施,邪恶一旦出现即立刻予以后果自负的打,如2020年旦扎里放毒在11.9被闫博士确认后,川普立刻派出邪恶核弹头的无人机不断飞北京或面向北京飞行了三个月以上,如果当时川普果断下手,后续的病毒灾难、疫苗灾难、核酸盛世灾难根本不会发生,其是让人们具有从(国家)实力出发继续发展而免于受害的顺位仁慈、直接仁慈,灾难中更宽的道路被打开,从而构成直接(顺位)仁慈先于正义原则、直接(顺位)仁慈有源拖动(从实力出发)原则。
二次(回复性)仁慈和直接(顺位)仁慈合称为本位仁慈,随之构成仁慈源头(本位)原则。
真相门户开光明,信用道路临正义,生死源头生仁慈,门户、道路、殿堂,这就是光明正大三法印,从而构成世界三治光明正大(门路源头)原则。


2.中俄末日双翼
依据至上绝对原则,俄罗斯是锁定为至上的齐天大圣之沙皇传统体系,即属绝对的,其主权过渡形式不可能是有余地而必然是相对的民选过程,从而构成俄罗斯沙皇齐天大圣(绝对、至上、不匹配民选)原则。
依据绝对之下的一项相对即属归零原则,现在俄罗斯采取的是普京——梅德韦杰夫二人转模式或赵本山模式,即属是无主权之归零状态的,从而构成俄罗斯折翼(折戟沉沙)原则、俄罗斯天选继承原则,即属于天选的沙皇体系在最高权力过渡上只能采取继承模式。


中共是所谓的「人民法院」、「人民日报」日人民等的由下而上面向过程的会议、运动式政权、授权和绞肉机体系,不是一蹴而就之绝对的,也就必然是相对的、非绝对的,从而构成中共运动(会议、授权)体系非绝对(相对、被动)原则、中共人选相对(非绝对)原则、授权人选原则(极高层的选择任命也是人选),元首是来自极高层圈子的授权而必然是相对、被动的。
依据无限绝对原则,从老毛战略忽悠的新中国到旦扎里的新共产党,从集体性专政到一人制专制,吞噬25亿条中国人民的生命,是个无底线的无限极权、集权体系,如同聂卫平所说的要让刘少奇一样的人全部断子绝孙或后代全部爬不起来,即便你是权贵阶级也无可避免,平民百姓就更加不用说了影响三代之三代而绝之转基因毒性体系,从而构成中共极权(集权)绝对原则。
依据绝对等价原则、绝对传代原则、一项绝对即属绝对原则、中共极权(集权)绝对原则、中共人选相对(非绝对)原则、绝对下的一项相对即属归零原则,无限集权,中共的政权过渡模式既不能是继承的也不能是民选的,只能是就地当代终结的,从而构成中共政权绝户(断子绝孙、绝对归零、无后、灭绝)原则、人选(授权)绝对归零原则、中共断翼原则。
俄罗斯的核武折翼毁灭地球和中共的病毒断翼开除球籍,构成了中俄末日双翼。


3.三元救国救民、救世救难原则、中元源头原则、信用(仁慈、中元、源头)标准化原则
很多人在问,百几年来,象苏共、中共的党员选举代表再由代表们选举出总书记、国家元首有效吗?今天,我用下面的计算法律来回答这个普遍又不简单的问题,其结果是:百几年来,苏联、俄罗斯、中共国的党代会的代表选举制都是绝对非法而无效的,它们都是窃取国家政权的窃国大盗之绝对犯罪的罪犯,从而构成共党(中共)窃国大盗原则;与此同时,中共党无效执政、无证驾驶而无条件杀害超过25亿中国人,非法劫持国家和法律行使国家权力贪污腐败、杀人越货等,血债累累,随之构成共党(旦扎里、普京、黄俄)劫国匪寇原则、共党(旦扎里、普京、黄俄)劫法悍匪原则、共党(旦扎里、普京、黄俄)生死(死亡)寇匪原则,外敌入侵为寇、内部(源头)劫掠为匪而称之为(灭国、灭世、灭源)寇匪。

落草为寇的土匪,发展到占官为营为官匪,再发展到今天劫国劫世灭世寇匪,瘪三三步走毁灭世界,损有余而补不足的天之道和损不足而补有余的人之道都不管用了,那么,唯有最高层有余以奉天下的神之道隆重登场,国家和世界才能得救,称之为奉天承运大道、标准化大道:天之道损有余而补不足至少得留下种子不能吃掉;人之道损不足而补有余必须得如文王网开一面,留下补充生态的再生种群,由此而来,仁义治天下而标准化、有余以奉天下最大化和标准化,天之道(上元)、人之道(下元)、仁慈的神之道(中元)联轴而三元复转,从而构成三元救世原则、三元救国原则、三元救国救民(救世救难)原则、信用(诚信)中元原则、信用(诚信)源头原则、中元源头原则、中元仁慈(慈无能胜)原则。
在英美法系,虚假文书的传统惯例是判处终身监禁,虚假证件、执照直接就被重判;如今,共党使用无效的假人当官、罪犯当国,这是主体层面的虚假、犯罪,是从本质上、根子里直接败坏的源头性犯罪、源头犯罪、面向源头犯罪,依据直接绝对原则,主体直接虚假、非法、犯罪的罪行即属绝对犯罪,其侵犯的不仅仅是人民、国家,更是法律及其正义的本身,从而构成源头犯罪绝对原则、源头犯罪假人假国(假冒官员、假冒元首、假冒公务员、虚假警察、虚假军人、虚假大学、虚假国家)原则。
任何人想想看,虚假证件都已经够恐怖的了;共党则专业制造如不假包换的虚假元首、虚假官员、虚假警察、虚假军人、虚假大学、虚假国家等,结果大家都看到了:灭世亡国别无他路。以前的罪匪无非劫财、劫色、杀人越货,共党这出是劫国、劫民、劫天灭世,明晃晃的劫国(劫民、劫世、劫天、劫法)大魔(大匪、悍匪、魔匪、恶魔)、国匪(民匪、世匪、天匪、法匪)。
梁山土匪劫法场而堪称法匪;黄俄共匪则是劫国家立法场而称之为立法场劫匪、法典劫匪。绿帽制造商偷人,采花大盗劫色、绑匪劫人,窃钩者诛、窃国者侯,黄俄共党则窃取了中华民族、中国和世界的生死符。天山童姥的生死符只是针对人体,共党和普京俄罗斯的生死符则是针对国家和世界,因此,旦扎里、共党、普京、俄罗斯、黄俄的生死符是国家、世界级别的,称之为国家(制度)生死符,旦扎里、共党、普京、俄罗斯、黄俄等则称为国家(制度、世界)天山童姥、国家(制度、世界)死亡大盗、灭国匪寇(天山童姥)、灭世匪寇(天山童姥),它们让世界走入末日,他姥姥的绝对不是人,也不是什么人物,而是人渣畜滓,从而构成旦扎里(普京、共党、黄俄)灭国(灭世)匪寇(天山童姥)原则、旦扎里(普京、共党、黄俄)杀人诛心灭源原则、旦扎里(普京、共党、黄俄)民匪(人匪)原则。


匈奴抢完就走,入侵的是中国的财产圈;日寇入侵国土;俄寇入侵中华国土,所到之处杀光所有中国人,如斯大林的海参崴大屠杀、满洲国大屠杀;共寇劫持国家和法律,劫持的是殿堂和国之重器,10年屠村屠城杀害17亿中国人,其入侵的不仅是财富圈、国土、人民(共产共妻)、思想(为无限杀人歌功颂德),也就是无限入侵(核心区更加不可能放过),称之为四脚寇、寇匪,从而构成共党源头寇(无限日寇、无限入侵、无限俄寇、无限斯大林寇)原则、共党四蔻原则、共党四大(无限)入侵原则、共党四大敌寇(四大寇匪)原则。
监守自盗是自产自销,共党劫持法律则是为了罪犯判案而罪犯立法:赵高篡权夺位指鹿为马,法律还在国家手上;共党颠倒黑白、混乱乾坤,法律则在已经在外来的黄俄寇匪手上,中国现在是财富资源、国土、人民(全体被欺骗而无人能反抗)、法律、真相(真实、通往正义的道路)、信用、生死存亡七大领域,称之为文明七环、文明七台阶、文明七级台阶、文明七基因,全部被灭绝性沦陷,称之为中国的七大沦陷,从而构成文明七环(文明七台阶、文明七级台阶、文明七基因)原则和中国七大沦陷(七杀)原则、共党七寇原则、共党无限七寇、中国(中华民族、世界)七劫原则。
安全关乎人们生死,但还达不到人死后再踩上一脚让你万世不得超生;法律关乎对错黑白正义,共党是把你打倒在地,然后踩上一脚让你永世不得超生,刘少奇、彭德怀等就是案例,但他们的后代还是有机会翻盘,如刘源;现在,聂总设计的制度是把你打倒在地,踩上一脚让你永世不得超生,同时将你所有的子孙后代全部予以灭门、灭绝而万劫不复,然后任何人死前都要对其感恩戴德(即真相完全消失并用虚假的恩情取而代之),财富资源、肉体(安全、人民)、法律、血统、真相(感情)、信用、生死存亡七大灭绝,从而构成(新)共党", "language": "zh", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "薪酬分配改革对人才培养的激励与促进研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5642-0704-6", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "王冠澎" ], "source": "国际经济与管理", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "论新经济格局下的工商管理与经济师角色", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5642-0705-19", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "晋 赵" ], "source": "国际经济与管理", "abstract": "新经济格局以经济结构优化、创新驱动及市场竞争差异化为主要特征。在此背景下，传统工商管理经济 师职能暴露出定位狭窄、数据分析能力弱、创新不足、跨领域协作能力欠缺等局限。为适应新经济格局，工商管理经 济师需实现职能蜕变，从内部管理转向内外协同，从传统数据分析升级为大数据智能分析，从经验决策转变为数据与 创新决策，从单一职能管理走向综合职能管理。其角色也需重塑，成为战略规划师、创新引领者、数据驱动者、跨领 域协作促进者及可持续发展倡导者，以助力企业在新经济格局中稳健发展。", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "实用性村庄规划中的关键问题与对策研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5316-0708-67", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "波 张" ], "source": "工程学研究与实用", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "铁路机车检修质量管理信息系统应用研究", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.37155/2717-5189-0810-39", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "程学锋" ], "source": "工程管理与技术探讨", "abstract": "", "language": "en", "query": "财务共享 跨境 合规" }, { "title": "B群溶血性連鎖球菌検出イムノクロマト法の確立と臨床応用", "doi": null, "year": null, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "秀仁 松井" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "作業を用いた直接刺激法による注意機能向上の効果と汎化：注意障害に対する作業療法における基礎的研究", "doi": null, "year": null, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Tomomi NAKAJIMA", "ともみ 中島" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "懐かしい記憶から引き出す生きがい : 特別養護老人ホームにおける回想法の介入効果", "doi": null, "year": null, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "理恵子 津田" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "援助協調の潮流と日本の対応", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.18884/00001078", "year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "薫 林", "Kaoru Hayashi" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "援助協調自体は援助の歴史とともに古く、日本も協調融資や政策対話などの実績を積み上げてきた。一方で、2000 年代に活発になった援助調和化の取り組み、プロジェクト型支援への批判からの一般財政支援（General Budget Support：GBS）、セクターワイド・アプローチ（Sector Wide Approach：SWAp）の導入などでは、日本は議論の主導権を取れず、批判される側に回っていた。しかし、事実を振り返ると、日本の援助は、もともと途上国の国内システムを十分活用しており、特に資金規模の大きな円借款では、借入国の予算制度を通じて供与され、財政支援の要素を含んでいた。セクター全体を対象にするような規模の大きな支援が可能で、拡散や断片化などの問題は少なく、量的にもノンプロジェクト型の供与実績は、経済協力開発機構（Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ： OECD ）開発援助委員会（Development Assistance Committee：DAC）全体の中で遜色があるようなものではなかった。したがって、日本が援助協調に消極的であると批判されるようないわれは本来なかったはずである。しかし、援助協調の議論が、円借款の供与の少ないアフリカへの支援を中心に行われていたことで、援助関係者が日本の援助について十分に対話を行う機会が少なく、争点を適時適切に把握することを妨げた。また、EU 統合のユーフォリアが残っていた 21 世紀の最初の 10 年に、一部の欧州（西欧）ドナーが国民国家の枠組みを乗り越えようという方向で原理主義化した一方で、日本の援助関係者もそれへの対抗軸を模索したことが、援助協調の議論を日本対欧州（西欧）という図式で理解してしまうことにつながった。 2010 年以降、中国が援助を急速に増大させる中で援助協調の議論は一気に衰退してきている。現在では、援助協調どころか国際協調全体が衰退し、一国主義がはびこる極めて憂慮すべき状況になってきている。", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "生成AIを活用した地学シリアスゲームの開発――地質現象の理解促進を目指したシリアスゲームのデザイン――", "doi": null, "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "詩楓 張" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "ペトラ・フォン・ゲミュンデン　登場人物に照らして：マルコ福音書における人間論的・倫理的省察", "doi": null, "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Ichiro Sudo" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "開業助産院における経営・マーケティングの研究 : 助産院と消費者としての妊産婦の定量的調査および実践コミュニティ概念に基づくアントレプレナーシップの実態分析", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.24561/00010226", "year": 2015, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "美栄子 平出" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "図 5-13 M 助産院の Value Chain ①…128", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "Genome wide association analysis of petiole angle based on 783 soybean resources (Glycine max L.)", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2022.14102", "year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Ling-Ling CHEN", "Zhan LI", "Ting-Xuan LIU", "Yong-Zhe GU", "Song Jian", "Jun Wang", "Lijuan Qiu" ], "source": "ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA", "abstract": "Petiole angle is one of the important factors that affects the high-efficiency light posture of plants. It is very important to improve soybean plant architecture by adjusting the leaf angle petioles. Soybean petiole angle is a quantitative trait, which is limited to QTLs mapping for most studies up to date. The reported gene GmILPA1controlling leaf petiole angle gene was cloned from mutants. Identification of more regulatory genes and elite alleles is urgent both for the clarification of genetic mechanism for petiole angle and its breeding utilization. In this study, 783 and 690 soybean germplasms were phenotypic for petiole angle in Hainan and Beijing in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and genome-wide associated study (GWAS) were performed using genome-wide distributed SNPs. Results showed that the petiole angle at different nodes (top, middle, and bottom nodes) were in normal distribution, suggesting that the trait of typical quantitative was inheritance. A total of 325 SNPs associated with petiole angle were identified by two-point GWAS analysis in two years, including 51, 230, 10, and 34 SNPs for petiole angles of the top, middle, bottom, and mean value of different nodes, respectively. Three candidate genes (Glyma.05G059700: auxin regulatory protein, Glyma.06G076900: AFR, and Glyma.06G076000: COP9) were obtained by LD block analysis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that all these three candidate genes had high expression level in shoot apical meristem (SAM), however, high expression level were also identified in leaf for Glyma.06G076900, leaf and stem for Glyma.06G076000.", "language": "en", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "<b>人工智能赋能护理教学的应用设计与效果评估</b><b></b>", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.65196/141hs849", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Wu Tao" ], "source": "科学与技术探索", "abstract": "Nursing education faces the dual challenges of rapidly increasing talent demand and uneven distribution of teaching resources. Traditional teaching models have obvious limitations in personalized training and practical skills development. Artificial intelligence technologies, including intelligent teaching systems, virtual simulation platforms, and natural language processing, provide innovative pathways for nursing education. Studies show that AI-assisted teaching can increase students’ average theoretical performance by 18%, shorten the time required to meet operational skill standards by 30%, and improve teaching efficiency by approximately 25%, thereby effectively supporting the construction of an integrated “theory–simulation–practice” teaching system. However, current technological applications still face problems such as insufficient accuracy in simulating complex clinical scenarios, incomplete data security mechanisms, and a decline in the quality of teacher–student interaction. In the future, efforts should focus on three major directions: constructing personalized learning pathways, integrating virtual simulation with augmented reality technologies, and developing data security mechanisms and explainable AI. These efforts will promote interdisciplinary collaboration and the establishment of full-chain intelligent support systems, ultimately achieving an organic integration of technology empowerment and the essence of education.", "language": null, "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "学習デザインの改善と学習の深化を目指した デザイン研究アプローチを用いた実践", "doi": null, "year": null, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Junko Nemoto", "Yoshiyuki Shibata", "Katsuaki Suzuki", "淳 根本", "喜幸 柴田", "克明 鈴木" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "Genome-wide association analysis and prediction model construction for soybean plant height", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2026.55064", "year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "Kuan-Qiang Tang", "LI Gong-yun", "Mei-Yi Song", "Xue Zhao", "Chun-Ling Chang" ], "source": "ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA", "abstract": "Plant height is a key agronomic trait that is closely associated with soybean yield potential and lodging resistance, and it is essential for achieving high and stable yields in soybean production. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) analyses of plant height using a diverse panel of 17,148 soybean germplasm accessions with worldwide geographic representation. We identified 139 significant genomic loci associated with plant height, with the candidate gene Dt1 showing the largest genetic effect. In the GS analysis, the BayesA and rrBLUP models outperformed the other models in prediction accuracy. Further comparisons indicated that prediction models based on the top 500-1000 SNPs provided the best balance between predictive performance and cost effectiveness. Collectively, the loci and models identified here support efficient genomic selection for soybean plant height and provide a theoretical basis for molecular design breeding to improve this trait.", "language": "en", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" }, { "title": "Guillain-Barré症候群における簡便で有用な予後予測因子の検討", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.57371/0002000657", "year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 0, "authors": [ "小川　将司" ], "source": "Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)", "abstract": "", "language": "ja", "query": "GBS 能力中心 中国" } ]